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Hydraulics

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Abstract

Hydraulics may be regarded as the application of knowledge about how liquids behave in static and flowing conditions to solve practical fluid related problems. It is generally held to describe the behavior and effects of water in motion in both closed conduits and open channels. In the field of fire protection we are concerned primarily with the closed conduit flow regime. In this chapter we will restrict our discussion to the behavior and properties of water flowing in pipes as the phenomenon of paramount interest, although other fluids such as antifreezes at room temperature and foam/water solutions are similar enough to water that the discussion will be applicable to them as well. Additionally some of the principles presented here also apply to system designs utilizing other fluids such as foam concentrate or antifreeze at low temperatures.

A significant portion of this chapter was written by John J. Titus. Editorial and technical updates were incorporated and additional information on pumps and water supplies have been provided for this edition.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    This discussion is patterned after the theory of water hammer as developed by N. J. Zhukovsky and as presented in Andrew L. Simon’s Practical Hydraulics, 2nd ed. [6].

References

  1. H.E. Hickey, Hydraulics for Fire Protection, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA (1980).

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  2. R.P. Benedict, Fundamentals of Pipe Flow, Wiley-Interscience, New York (1980).

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  3. V.L. Streeter and E.G. Wylie, Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York (1979).

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  4. Pipe Friction Manual, 3rd ed. Hydraulic Institute (1961).

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  5. Isman, K. “Darcy Weisbach Friction Loss”, Sprinkler Quarterly, National Fire Sprinkler Association, Winter 2001, pp 27–30.

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  6. A.L. Simon, Practical Hydraulics, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1981).

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  7. F.M. White, Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York (1986).

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  8. Journal AWWA, 73, 5 (1981), by permission. Copyright © 1981, The American Water Works Association.

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  9. T.M. Walski, Analysis of Water Distribution Systems, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (1984).

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  10. D. Stephenson, Pipeflow Analysis, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1984).

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  11. NFPA 20, Installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA (2013).

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  12. NFPA 13, Installation of Sprinkler Systems, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA (2013).

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Fire Sprinkler Association, NY, USA

    Kenneth E. Isman

Authors
  1. Kenneth E. Isman
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Aon Fire Protection Engineering, Greenbelt, MD, USA

    Morgan J. Hurley P.E., FSFPE (Editor-in-Chief) (Editor-in-Chief)

  2. Hughes Associates, Baltimore, USA

    Daniel Gottuk Ph.D., P.E.

  3. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, USA

    John R. Hall Jr. Ph.D.

  4. Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Kazunori Harada Dr. Eng.

  5. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, USA

    Erica Kuligowski Ph.D.

  6. Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, USA

    Milosh Puchovsky P.E., FSFPE

  7. The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia

    José Torero Ph.D.

  8. The Fire Safety Institute, Quincy, USA

    John M. Watts Jr. Ph.D., FSFPE

  9. FM Global, Johnston, USA

    Christopher Wieczorek Ph.D.

Nomenclature

A

area

C

proportionality constant or flow coefficient, Hazen-Williams C-factor

c

celerity of a shock wave

D

pipe diameter

d

element diameter

E

velocity of approach factor, bulk modulus of elasticity

f

Darcy-Weisbach friction loss factor

G

gravitational acceleration constant, 9.8 m/s2

H

head of water

h

head

h c

height of centroid

h L

head loss

I

moment of inertia

K

proportionality constant or flow coefficient

k

proportionality constant or flow coefficient

L

length of conduit (in friction loss equations)

l

length or distance

m

mass

N

pump rpm

p

pressure

Q

volumetric discharge rate

Re

Reynolds number

S

slope of energy gradient

s

specific gravity

u

stream velocity at a given point in flow cross section

V

volume

v

average stream velocity

z

height above a reference datum (potential head)

α

kinetic energy correction factor

β

beta ratio

γ

specific weight

Δ

increment

ε

pipe wall absolute roughness

η

efficiency

μ

absolute (dynamic) viscosity

ν

kinematic viscosity

ρ

density

τ

fluid shear stress

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© 2016 Society of Fire Protection Engineers

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Isman, K.E. (2016). Hydraulics. In: Hurley, M.J., et al. SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_41

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_41

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2564-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2565-0

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

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