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Advances in New Technology for Targeted Modification of Plant Genomes pp 113–144Cite as

Recombinase Technology for Precise Genome Engineering

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Abstract

Here we review multiple uses of site-specific recombination and their applications in plant genomic engineering. We also outline various strategies for the combined use of multiple site-specific recombinase systems to precisely target transgenes into a predetermined locus and remove unwanted selectable marker genes.

For three decades, genetic engineering via introduction of DNA via Agrobacterium or biolistic technologies has been used to make plants with new traits. These methods can be employed to introduce new genes and/or alter the expression of native genes. These modifications of plant genomes have allowed scientists to establish relationships between genes and their effects on plant development, metabolism, and composition. The use of a variety of promoters has been established to drive gene expression in a constitutive, developmental, or tissue-specific fashion. Inducible promoters (e.g., heat shock, wounding) and promoter systems (glucocorticoid and estrogen based) are now available that allow the use of external signals to control gene expression. As we detail below, such control, when combined with site-specific recombination, allows one to remove unwanted selectable marker genes, turn genetic switches on or off, resolve complex insertions, and perform targeted integration.

With the release of genetically engineered (GE) versions of major crops such as cotton, soybean, canola, and maize with commercially useful traits, control of genetic modification for commercial production (Bioscience 58:391–401, 2008) has become an issue of global importance. The enhancements in crop quality through GE technology have had significant and positive impacts on farm income due to a combination of increased productivity and reduced inputs. In 2007, the direct global farm income benefit from biotech crops was $10.1 billion. Since 1996, farm incomes have increased by $44.1 billion (GM Crops Food 3:265–272, 2012) and thus the economic incentives for GE crops continue to grow. The isolation of stable transgenic lines with predictable and stable levels of transgene expression is highly desired but using standard approaches (e.g., Agrobacterium or biolistic technologies) is labor intensive and costly. It is often necessary to screen hundreds of independently transformed plants to identify those with suitable transgene structure and expression. Therefore, research endeavors are focused on goals to eliminate random DNA integration and/or reduce the frequency of multi-copy transgene insertions, and to reduce or eliminate events that exhibit unreliable transgene expression (In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 41:213–219, 2005). Site-specific recombination is a promising tool that can be used to address these challenges for crop genome engineering. In this review, we examine previous studies and discuss recent advances in the applications of site-specific recombinase technology.

Author Contributions

Conceived the paper: JT. Wrote the paper: AB and JT. Edited the paper: AB and JT.

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Acknowledgments

Research was funded by USDA-ARS project 5325-21000-020-00D and by the Biotechnology Risk Assessment Program competitive grant 2010-33522-21773 from the USDA - National Institute of Food and Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

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  1. Crop Improvement and Genetics Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710, USA

    James G. Thomson Ph.D. & Ann Blechl Ph.D.

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  1. James G. Thomson Ph.D.
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Correspondence to James G. Thomson Ph.D. .

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  1. Cellectis Plant Sciences, New Brighton, Minnesota, USA

    Feng Zhang

  2. Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany

    Holger Puchta

  3. Crop Improvement and Genetics Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA

    James G. Thomson

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Thomson, J.G., Blechl, A. (2015). Recombinase Technology for Precise Genome Engineering. In: Zhang, F., Puchta, H., Thomson, J. (eds) Advances in New Technology for Targeted Modification of Plant Genomes. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2556-8_7

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