Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Syndromes of Brain Dysfunction Presenting with Cognitive Impairment or Behavioral Disturbance: Delirium, Dementia, and Mental Disorders Due to Another Medical Condition

  • Chapter
The Medical Basis of Psychiatry

  • 3610 Accesses

Abstract

Delirium, dementia and psychiatric syndromes due to medical illness exemplify how brain function influences cognition, emotion, and behavior. For each diagnostic category, this chapter addresses disease prevalence and provides specific terminology to describe brain–behavior relationships. Included are current understandings of pathophysiology, clinical tools for recognition and assessment, and treatment modalities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Lipowski ZJ. Delirium: acute confusional states. New York: Oxford University Press; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Engel GL, Romano J. Delirium, a syndrome of cerebral insufficiency. J Chronic Dis 1959;9:260–277.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Swigart SE, Kishi Y, Thurber S, Kathol RG, Meller WH. Misdiagnosed delirium in patient referrals to a university-based hospital psychiatry department. Psychosomatics 2008;49:104–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Cosman J, Rizzo M. Attention. Behavioral neurology & neuropsychiatry. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2013. p. 115–133.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  6. Breihart W, Alici Y. Agitation and delirium at the end of life. JAMA 2008;300:2898–2910.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. DeBellis R, Smith BS, Choi S, Malloy M. Management of delirium tremens. J Intensive Care Med 2005;20:164–173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ernst E. Serious psychiatric and neurological adverse effects of herbal medicines—a systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003;108:83–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Sidhu KS, Balon R, Ajluni V, Boutros NN. Standard EEG and the difficult-to-assess mental status. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2009;21:103–108.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Zaal IJ, Slooter AJC. Delirium in critically ill patients. Drugs 2012;72:1457–1471.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Hughes CG, Morandi A, Girard TD, Riedel B, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Pun BT, Ely EW, Pandharipande PP. Association between endothelial dysfunction and acute brain dysfunction during critical illness. Anesthesiology 2013;118:631–639.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Choi S, Lee H, Chung T, Park K, Jung Y, Kim SI, Kim J. Neural network functional connectivity during and after an episode of delirium. Am J Psychiatry 2012;169:498–507.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Siddiqi N, House AO, Holmes JD. Occurrence and outcome of delirium in medical in-patients: a systematic literature review. Age Ageing 2006;35:350–364.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ryan DJ, O’Regan NA, Camoimh RO, Clare J, O’Connor M, Leonard M, McFarland J, Tighe S, O’Sullivan K, Trzepacz PT, Meagher D, Timmons S. Delirium in an adult acute hospital population: predictors, prevalence and detection. BMJ Open 2013;3:e001772.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Schieveld JN, Leentjens AF. Delirium in severely ill young children in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005;44:392–394.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ely EW, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, Gordon S, Francis J, May L, Truman B, Speroff T, Gautam S, Margolin R, Hart RP, Dittus R. Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). JAMA 2001;286:2703–2710.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ellison D, Love S, Chimelli L, Harding BN, Lowe J, Vinters HV. Neuropathology: a reference text of CNS pathology. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Mosby; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Inouye SK. Delirium in older persons. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1157–1165.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz RI. Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med 1990;113:941–948.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Borson S, Scanlan JM, Chen P, Ganguli M. The Mini-Cog as a screen for dementia: validation in a population-based sample. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51:1451–1454.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Brodaty H, Low L-F, Gibson L, Burns K. What is the best dementia screening instrument for general practitioners to use? Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006;14:391–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. World Health Organization. International classification of diseases, 10th revision. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Robinson TN, Raeburn CD, Tran ZV, Brenner LA, Moss M. Motor subtypes of postoperative delirium in older adults. Arch Surg 2011;146:295–300.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Saczynski JS, Marcantonio ER, Quach L, Fong TG, Gross A, Inouye SK, Jones RN. Cognitive trajectories after postoperative delirium. N Engl J Med 2012;367:30–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Gross AL, Jones RN, Habtemariam DA, Fong TG, Tommet D, Quach L, Schmitt E, Yap L, Inouye SK. Delirium and long-term cognitive trajectory among persons with dementia. Arch Intern Med 2012;172:1324–1331.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Morandi A, McCurley J, Vasilevskis EE, Fick DM, Bellelli G, Lee P, Jackson JC, Shenkin SD, Trabucchi M, Schnelle J, Inouye SK, Ely WE, MacLullich A. Tools to detect delirium superimposed on dementia: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012;60:2005–2013.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Francis A. Catatonia: diagnosis, classification, and treatment. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2010;12:180–185.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Jacobowski NL, Heckers S, Bobo WV. Delirious mania: detection, diagnosis, and clinical management in the acute setting. J Psychiatr Pract 2013;19:15–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Lee BS, Huang SS, Hsu WY, Chiu NY. Clinical features of delirious mania: a series of five cases and a brief literature review. BMC Psychiatry 2012;12:65.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Zaubler TS, Murphy K, Rizzuto L, Santos R, Skotzko C, Giordano J, Bustami R, Inouye SK. Quality improvement and cost savings with multicomponent delirium interventions: replication of the hospital elder life program in a community hospital. Psychosomatics 2013;54:219–226.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Mahony RO, Murthy L, Akunne A, Young J. Synopsis of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Guideline for Prevention of Delirium. Ann Intern Med 2011;154:746–752.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Stratton SJ, Rogerrs C, Brickett K, Gruzinski G. Factors associated with sudden death of individuals requiring restraint for excited delirium. Am J Emerg Med 2001;19:187–191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Attard A, Ranjith G, Taylor D. Delirium and its treatment. CNS Drugs 2008;22:631–644.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Teslyar P, Stock VM, Wilk CM, Camsari U, Ehrenreich MJ, Himelhoch S. Prophylaxis with antipsychotic medication reduces the risk of post-operative delirium in elderly patients: a meta-analysis. Psychosomatics 2013;54:124–131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Barr J, Fraser GL, Puntillo K, Ely EW, Gélinas C, Dasta JF, Davidson JE, Devlin JW, Kress JP, Joffe AM, Coursin DB, Herr DL, Tung A, Robinson BRH, Fontaine DK, Ramsay MA, Riker RR, Sessler CN, Pun B, Skrobik Y, Jaeschke R. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit: executive summary. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2013;70:53–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Flaherty JH, Gonzales JP, Dong B. Antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium in older hospitalized adults: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011;59:S269–S276.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Sampson EL, Raven PR, Ndhlovu PN, Vallance A, Garlick N, Watts J, Blanchard MR, Bruce A, Blizard R, Ritchie CW. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil hydrochloride (Aricept) for reducing the incidence of postoperative delirium after elective total hip replacement. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007;22:343–349.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Marcantopnio ER, Palihnich K, Appleton P, David RB. Pilot randomized trial of donepezil hydrochloride for delirium after hip fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011;59:S282–S288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Mo Y, Zimmermann AE. Role of dexmedetomidine for the prevention and treatment of delirium in intensive care unit patients. Ann Pharmacother 2013;47:869–876.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Sarkar S, Donn SM. Management of neonatal abstinence syndrome in neonatal intensive care units: a national survey. J Perinatol 2006;26:15–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR Jr, Kawas CH, Klunk WE, Koroshetz WJ, Manly JJ, Mayeux R, Mohs RC, Morris JC, Rossor MN, Scheltens P, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Weintraub S, Phelps CH. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association workgroup. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7:263–269.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Alves L, Correia A, Miguel R, Alegria P, Bugalho P. Alzheimer’s disease: a clinical practice-oriented review. Front Neurol 2012;3:63.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 1984;34:939–944.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Jack RC, Albert MS, Knopman DS, McKhann GM, Sperling RA, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Phelps CH. Introduction to the recommendations from the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association workgroup on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7:257–262.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Campbell J, Coffey CE. Neuropsychiatric significance of subcortical hyperintensity. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001;13:261–288.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Goodkin K, Lopez E, Hardy DJ, Hardy WD. Neurocognitive decline in HIV infection. Psychiatr Ann 2013;43:204–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Alzheimer A. Uber eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde. Allgemeine Z Psychiatr Psychisch-Gerichtlich Med 1907;64:146–148.

    Google Scholar 

  48. McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J, Emre M, O’Brien JT, Feldman H, Cummings J, Duda JE, Lippa C, Perry EK, Aarsland D, Arai H, Ballard CG, Boeve B, Burn DJ, Costa D, Del Ser T, Dubois B, Galasko D, Gauthier S, Goetz CG, Gomez-Tortosa E, Halliday G, Hansen LA, Hardy J, Iwatsubo T, Kalaria RN, Kauger D, Kenny RA, Korczyn A, Kosaka K, Lee VM-Y, Lees A, Litvan I, Londos E, Lopez OL, Minoshima S, Mizuno Y, Molina JA, Mukaetova-ladinska EB, Pasuier F, Perry RH, Schulz JB, Trojanowski JQ, Yamada M. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies, Third Report of the DLB consortium. Neurology 2005;65:1863–1872.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH. REM sleep behavior disorder: a marker of synucleinopathy. Lancet Neurol 2013;12:417–419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Roman GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T, Cummings JL, Masdeu JC, Garcia JH, Amaducci L, Orgogozo J-M, Brun A, Hofman A, Moody DM, O’Brien MD, Yamaguchi T, Grafman J, Drayer BP, Bennett DA, Fisher M, Ogata J, Kokmen E, Bermejo F, Wolf PA, Gorelick PB, Bick KL, Pajeau AK, Bell MA, DeCarli C, Culebras A, Korczyn AD, Bogousslavsky J, Hartmann A, Scheinberg P. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology 1993;43:250–260.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Nolte J. The human brain. 5th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Cummings J, Trimble M. Concise guide to neuropsychiatry and behavioral neurology. 2nd ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Harlow JM. Recovery from the passage of an iron bar through the head. Pub Mass Med Soc (Massachusetts Medical Society) 1868;2:327–347.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Rascovsky K, Hodges JR, Knopman D, Mendez MF, Kramer JH, Newuhaus J, van Swieten JC, Seelaar H, Dopper EGP, Onyike CU, Hillis AE, Josephs KA, Boeve BF, Kertesz A, Seeley WW, Rankin KP, Johnson JK, Gorno-Tempini M-L, Rosen H, Prioleau-Latham CE, Lee A, Kipps CM, Lillo P, Piguet O, Rohrer JD, Rossor MN, Warren JD, Fox NC, Galasko D, Salmon DP, Black SE, Mesulam M, Weintraub S, Dickerson BC, Diehl-Schmid J, Pasquier F, Deramecourt V, Lebert F, Pijnenburg Y, Chow TW, Manes F, Grafman J, Cappa SF, Freedman M, Grossman M, Miller BL. Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain 2011;134:2456–2477.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Mendez M, Lauterbach EC, Sampson SM, ANPA Committee on Research. An evidence-based review of the psychopathology of frontotemporal dementia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008;20:130–149.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Arceniegas D. New onset bipolar disorder in late life: a case of mistaken identity. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:198–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Mendez M, Shapira JS, Saul R. The spectrum of sociopathy in dementia. Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011;23:132–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Welsh-Bohmer KA, Attix DK. Neuropsychological assessment of dementia. In: Blazer DG, Steffens DC, editors. The American psychiatric publishing textbook of geriatric psychiatry. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Bennet DA, Schneider JA, Arvanitakis Z, Kelly JF, Aggarwal NT, Shah RC, Wilson RS. Neuropathology of older persons without cognitive impairment from two community-based studies. Neurology 2006;66:1837–1844.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Snowdon DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA, Riley KP, Greiner PA, Markesbery WR. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease: the Nun Study. JAMA 1997;277:813–817.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ahlskog JE, Geda YE, Graff-Radford NR, Petersen RC. Physical exercise as a preventive or disease-modifying treatment of dementia and brain-aging. Mayo Clin Proc 2011;86:876–884.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Peters R, Peters J, Warner J, Beckett N, Bulpitt C. Alcohol, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly: a systematic review. Age Ageing 2008;37:505–512.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Wingo TS, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Cutler DJ. Autosomal recessive causes likely in early-onset alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2012;69:59–64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Sperling R, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Bennett DA, Craft S, Fagan AM, Iwatsubo T, Jack CR, Kaye J, Montine TJ, Park DC, Reiman EM, Rowe CC, Siemers E, Stern Y, Yaffe K, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Morrison-Bogorad M, Wagster MV, Phelps CH. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association workgroup. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7:280–292.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Gauthier S, Reisberg B, Zaudig M, Petersen RC, Ritchie K, Broich K, Belleville S, Brodaty H, Bennett D, Chertkow H, Cummings JL, deLeon M, Feldman H, Ganguli M, Hampel H, Scheltens P, Tierney MC, Whitehouse P, Winblad W. Mild cognitive impairment. Lancet 2006;367:1262–1270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fix NC, Gamst A, Holtzman DM, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, Snyder PJ, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Phelps CH. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer’s Association workgroup. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7:270–279.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Kim EJ, Sidhu M, Gaus SE, Huang EJ, Hof PR, Miller BL, DeArmond SJ, Seeley WW. Selective frontoinsular von Economo neuron and fork cell loss in early behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Cereb Cortex 2012;22:251–259.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Craig AD. How do you feel—now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009;10:59–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Seltman R, Matthews B. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis and management. CNS Drugs 2012;26:841–870.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. McGuire JL, Douglas SD. Neuroimmune dysregulation in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Psychiatr Ann 2013;43:217–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Plassman BL, Langa KM, Fisher GG, Heeringa SG, Weir DR, Ofstedal MB, Burke JR, Hurd MD, Potter GG, Rodgers WL, Steffens DC, Willis RJ, Wallace RB. Prevalence of dementia in the United States: the aging, demographics and memory study. Neuroepidemiology 2007;29:125–132.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Plassman BL, Langa KM, Fisher GG, Heeringa SG, Weir DR, Ofstedal MB, Burke JR, Hurd MD, Potter GG, Rodgers WL, Steffens DC, Willis RJ, Wallace RB. Prevalence of cognitive impairment without dementia in the United States. Ann Intern Med 2008;148:427–434.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Ances BM, Ellis RJ. Dementia and neurocognitive disorders due to HIV-1 infection. Semin Neurol 2007;27:86–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Guinta B, Hervey W, Klippel C, Obregon D, Robben D, Hartney K, di Ciccone BL, Fernandez F. Psychiatric complications of HIV infection: an overview. Psychiatr Ann 2013;4:199–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Ferrando S. Psychopharmacological treatment of patients with HIV/AIDS. Psychiatr Ann 2013;43:223–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Tomlinson BE, Blessed G, Roth M. Observations on the brains of demented old people. J Neurol Sci 1970;11:205–242.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. McGuire J, Douglas SD. Neuroimmune dysregulation in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Psychiatr Ann 2013;43:217–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Jost BC, Grossberg GT. The natural history of Alzheimer’s disease: a brain bank study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995;43:1248–1255.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Fogel BS. The significance of frontal system disorders for medical practice and health policy. In: Salloway S, Malloy PF, Duffy JD, editors. The frontal lobes and neuropsychiatric illness. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  80. McCarten JR, Anderson P, Kuskowski MA, McPherson SE, Borson S, Dysken MW. Finding dementia in primary care: the results of a clinical demonstration project. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012;60:210–217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Iverson DJ, Gronseth GS, Reger MA, Classen S, Dubinsky RM, Rizzo M. Practice parameter update: Evaluation and management of driving risk in dementia: report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2010;74:1316–1324.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Ballard C, Corbett A. Management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in people with dementia. CNS Drugs 2010;24:729–739.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Knopman DS, DeKosky ST, Cummings JL, Chui H, Corey-Bloom J, Relkin N, Small GW, Miller B, Stevens JC. Practice parameter: diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2001;56:1143–1153.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Qaseem A, Snow V, Shekelle P, Hopkins R, Owens DK. Screening for HIV in health care settings: a guidance statement from the American College of Physicians and HIV Medicine Association. Ann Intern Med 2009;150:125–131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Saez-Fonseca JA, Lee L, Walker Z. Long-term outcome of depressive pseudodementia in the elderly. J Affect Disord 2007;10:123–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Van Reekum R, Stuss D, Ostrander L. Apathy: why care? J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005;17:7–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Habib M. Athymhormia and disorders of motivation in basal ganglia disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004;16:509–524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Marin RS. Apathy: a neuropsychiatric syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1991;3:243–254.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Klepac N, Hajnsek S, Trkulja V. Cognitive performance in non-demented, non-psychotic Parkinson’s disease patients with or without a history of depression prior to the onset of motor symptoms. J Geriatr Psychiatr Neurol 2010;23:15–26.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Alzheimer’s Association www.alz.org; The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration www.theaftd.org.

  91. Lazaroff A, Morishita L, Schoephoerster G, McCarthy T. Using dementia as the organizing principle when caring for patients with dementia and comorbidities. Minn Med 2013;96:41–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Howard R, McShane R, Lindesay J, Ritchie C, Baldwin A, Barber R, Burns A, Dening T, Findlay D, Holmes C, Hughes A, Jacoby R, Jones R, Jones R, McKeith I, Macharouthu A, O’Brien J, Passmore P, Sheehan B, Juszczak E, Kantona C, Hills R, Knapp M, Ballard C, Brown R, Banerjee S, Onions C, Griffin M, Adams J, Gray R, Johnson T, Bentham P, Phillips P. Donepezil and memantine for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 2012;366:893–903.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Petersen RC, Thomas RG, Grundman M, Bennett D, Doody R, Ferris S, Galasko D, Jin S, Kaye J, Levey A, Pfeiffer E, Sano M, van Dyck CH, Thal LJ. Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2379–2388.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Cummings JL, Schneider E, Tariot PN, Graham SM. Behavioral effects of memantine in Alzheimer disease patients receiving donepezil treatment. Neurology 2006;67:57–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. NICE technology appraisal guidance 217, March 2011 (http://guidance.nice.org.uk/TA217).

  96. Jeste DV, Blazer D, Casey D, Meeks T, Salzman C, Schneider L, Tariot P, Yaffe K. ACNP white paper: update on use of antipsychotic drugs in elderly persons with dementia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008;33:957–970.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS, Davis SM, Hsiao JK, Ismail MS, Lebowitz BD, Lyketsos CJ, Ryan JM, Stroup TS, Sultzer DL, Wientraub D, Lieberman JA, CATIE-AD Study Group. Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1525–1538.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Ballard C, Hanney ML, Theodoulou M, Douglas S, McShane R, Kossakowski K, Gill R, Juszczak E, Yu L-M, Jacoby R, for the DART-AD investigators. The dementia antipsychotic withdrawal trial (DART-AD): long term follow-up of a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2009;8:151–157.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Feighner JP, Robins E, Guze SB, Woodruff RA, Winokur G, Munoz R. Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972;26:57–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  101. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text revision. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2000.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  102. Nadkarni S, Arnedo V, Devinsky O. Psychosis in epilepsy patients. Epilepsia 2007;48:17–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Thurston RC, Rewak M, Kubzansky LD. An anxious heart: anxiety and the onset of cardiovascular diseases. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2013;55:524–537.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Carroll BT, Goforth HW. Medical catatonia. In: Caroff SN, Mann SC, Francis A, Fricchone GL, editors. Catatonia: from psychopathology to neurobiology. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Ayerbe L, Ayis S, Wolfe CDA, Rudd AG. Natural history, predictors and outcomes of depression after stroke: systemic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2013;202:14–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Santos CO, Caero L, Ferro JM, Figueira ML. Mania and stroke: a systematic review. Cerebrovasc Dis 2011;32:11–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Botts S, Ryan M. Depression. In: Tisdale JE, Miller DA, editors. Drug induced diseases: prevention, detection, and management. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health Systems Pharmacists; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Susan Czapiewski M.D., M.S. (Assistant Professor)

  2. Department of Psychiatry, Veteran’s Administration Health Care System, University of Minnesota, CBOC NW Metro, 7545 Veterans Drive, Ramsey, MN, 55303, USA

    Victoria Brown-Nyseth M.D.

Authors
  1. Susan Czapiewski M.D., M.S.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Victoria Brown-Nyseth M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Susan Czapiewski M.D., M.S. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

    S. Hossein Fatemi

  2. University of New Mexico School of Medicine Pasadena, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, California, California, USA

    Paula J. Clayton

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Czapiewski, S., Brown-Nyseth, V. (2016). Syndromes of Brain Dysfunction Presenting with Cognitive Impairment or Behavioral Disturbance: Delirium, Dementia, and Mental Disorders Due to Another Medical Condition. In: Fatemi, S., Clayton, P. (eds) The Medical Basis of Psychiatry. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2528-5_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2528-5_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2527-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2528-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation