Abstract
Learning is a fundamental part of Muslim belief, because Islam does not allow priesthood or mediation between the Followers and the Creator, and every Muslim must learn specific texts for the profession of Faith, few phrases to pronounce intentions of the prayers, and few verses from the Qur’an to perform different ibadah. Islam also offers advices for staying healthy to perform ibadah and remain economically active. The chapter analyses achievements of and gaps in different education and health related indicators of 47 MMCs in Africa and Asia. The discussions in the chapter indicate significant role of the third sector in education in MMCs. The analyses also show that there is no conclusive relationship between public investment and achievement in education and health indicators. It shows that the governments in MMCs, especially those in sub-Saharan Africa, with uncongenial climate or low resource base, that are lagging behind in education and health-related MDG targets, should undertake initiatives for co-operation with the private sector and (nonprofit) third sector for improving education and health. This chapter includes four cases (Bangladesh and Indonesia; and Niger and Senegal) to show differences in performances in the education and health sectors commensurate with that of the third sector, in the respective MMCs. It concludes that better performance in education and health sectors in Bangladesh and Indonesia, with the highest density of TSOs and best third sector capability measure is revealing, and demands further analyses.
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- 1.
For detail discussions on the matter please see Chap. 2 in this Volume.
- 2.
“Proclaim! (or Read!) in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who created…” (Al Qur’an, 96: 1–2).
- 3.
God’s blessings and peace be upon him (PBUH). Muslim readers are supposed to (and reminded of the obligation to) utter the blessings to the Prophet every time they come across his name.
- 4.
Afghanistan, Libya, Sierra Leone, Somalia, and Turkmenistan.
- 5.
Bahrain, Brunei, Iran, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Maldives, Oman, Qatar, Syria, Tajikistan, and UAE.
- 6.
Chad: 33 %, Djibouti: 35.6 %, Eritrea: 39.8, Niger: 41.1 % in the lower end, and Mali: 54.8 %, Sudan: 57.9 %, Senegal: 59.2 %, Guinea: 64.1 %, Guinea-Bissau: 67.6 %, Gambia: 70.5 %, Nigeria: 74.3 %, Mauritania, Comoros: 74.8 % in the higher end.
- 7.
Afghanistan, Djibouti, Egypt, Mali, Niger, Somalia, and UAE.
- 8.
Burkina Faso, Chad, Guinea, and Sierra Leone.
- 9.
The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Nigeria, and Senegal.
- 10.
Data on Afghanistan are not available.
- 11.
It can be noted that a large percentage of population in six West Asian MMCs (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and UAE) are expatriate. Thus ALR figures for these countries may not be an accurate reflection of the local population’s ALR.
- 12.
Data are not available for 12 out of 47 MMCs (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Comoros, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Iraq, Libya, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Turkmenistan, and Yemen).
- 13.
Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Qatar, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
- 14.
The primary to secondary progression rates among females are 7.2 %, 6.6 %, and 13.7 % (Table 10.2 , Column 7) less than the corresponding national averages in Chad, Guinea, and Mauritania, respectively.
- 15.
Either one or both sets of data are not available for 11 MMCs: Afghanistan, Guinea-Bissau, Djibouti, Iraq, Jordan, Libya, Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
- 16.
For example, Indonesia and Kazakhstan with large private sector (profit and nonprofit) investment in tertiary education, the public spending is concentrated more on the non-tertiary sector; the situation is opposite in Iran or Tunisia, for example, where the tertiary education sectors are mainly under public control.
- 17.
MDG goal of reducing under-5 mortality rate by two-thirds or 66 % in 25 years (between 1990 and 2015) is equivalent to 2.64 % per year on average. This gives a reduction of around 24 % in 9 years (between 2000 and 2009) of the study period considered in this analysis.
- 18.
Mauritania: 4.2 % reduction in CMR during 2000–2009, Chad: 8.5 %, Guinea-Bissau: 11.3 %, Djibouti: 12.3 %, Mali: 14.9 %, Burkina-Faso: 16.7 %, Comoros: 17 %, Gambia: 18.5 %, and Sierra Leone: 19.5 %.
- 19.
Iraq: 9.3 % reduction in the CMR during 2000–2009, Kuwait: 15.4 %, Bahrain: 16.7 %, Yemen: 19.2 %, and Jordan: 21.4 %.
- 20.
Replacement fertility is the number of children per women which the global population growth would tend toward zero. Globally, replacement fertility rate is 2.3.
- 21.
TFR is grouped into two categories. The first category includes up to the global replacement fertility rate of 2.3 and the second category includes the rest.
- 22.
The first two CMR categories are created by dividing the world average CMR of 66 into two groups (up to 33 and 33.01–66), the third category includes the rest.
- 23.
Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Indonesia, Iran, Kuwait, Lebanon, Maldives, Tunisia, Turkey, and UAE.
- 24.
Afghanistan (MMR: 1,400), Chad (MMR: 1,200), Somalia (MMR: 1,200), and Guinea-Bissau (MMR: 1,000).
- 25.
Sierra Leone (970), Nigeria (840), Mali (830), Niger (820), Sudan (750), Guinea (680), Burkina-Faso (560), Mauritania (550), Senegal (410), Gambia (400), Bangladesh (340), Comoros (340), and Djibouti (300).
- 26.
The lower figures are only in Chad and Sudan (23 % in each), and Yemen (24 %), see Table 10.11 .
- 27.
8 from sub-Saharan Africa (Chad: 7.7 %, Djibouti: 9.1 %, Guinea-Bissau: 9.1 %, Comoros: 12.8 %, Nigeria: 14.3 %, Burkina-Faso: 13.8 %, Mauritania: 14.1 %, and Mali: 15 %), 1 from South Asia (Afghanistan: 22.2 %), 2 from South-East Asia (Brunei: 12.5 %, and Malaysia: 21.5 %), 3 from North Africa (Sudan: 2.6 %, Libya: 13.5 %, and Algeria: 14.3 %), 6 from West Asia (Kuwait: −12.5 %, Iraq: 10.7 %, Saudi Arabia: 14.3 %, Bahrain: 17.4 %, Turkey: 19 %, and Syria: 20.7 %), and 1 from Central Asia (Uzbekistan: −3.5 %).
- 28.
The MMRs in Kuwait (9) and Uzbekistan (30) are very low, but increased a bit (−12.5 % and −3.45 %) during 2000–2008.
- 29.
In fact, some studies, through regression analyses, do not find any robust pattern of coefficients between development and a particular religion, Islam included (Platteau, 2008: 329; Pryor, 2007: 1815); nor there is any support for the contention that “Islam is a drag on growth”—if anything, the results “reinforce the notion that the impact of Islam is positive” (Noland, 2005: 1222). Also see, Hasan (2012).
- 30.
- 31.
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan; and Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, and the UAE.
- 32.
- 33.
- 34.
- 35.
Who often do not seek medical guidance, for example, for genital health (because of guilty feeling, or embarrassment, or considering these “health problems as a punishment they deserve”) even in countries like Turkey (Bahar et al., 2005).
- 36.
The ideas and data in this paragraph and the quotations are from Bahar et al., 2005.
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Hossain, S., Hoque, Z. (2015). Education and Health for Human Security in MMCs: Achievements and the Third Sector Interventions. In: Hasan, S. (eds) Human Security and Philanthropy. Nonprofit and Civil Society Studies. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2525-4_10
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