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Carotenoids in Human Nutrition

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Pigments in Fruits and Vegetables

Abstract

Carotenoids are the colorful pigments abundant in fruits and vegetables that constitute an important part of the human diet. Decades of research on carotenoids has improved our understanding of the role of these ubiquitous pigments, which have emerged as important players in the fight against chronic and infectious diseases. This chapter describes the many facets of carotenoids including their occurrence and main dietary sources, the efficiency of absorption, and conversion to vitamin A. The role of conversion enzymes, the carotenoid oxygenases (BCMO1 and BCDO2), is explained, as well as the importance of carotenoid metabolites as bioactive compounds in the regulation of retinoid actions in the body. Their vital role as a source of vitamin A is reviewed in the context of increased need to prevent vitamin A deficiency in pregnancy and infancy, especially in developing countries. Specific functions in the macula and lens of the eye, in the corpus luteum of the ovary, and in skin are discussed. A description of the associations of plasma and dietary carotenoids with the risk of various acute and chronic diseases and conditions (cognitive decline, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, macular degeneration) is provided, along with explanations for possible mechanisms of action. Specifically, their antioxidant function in conditions of oxidative stress and inflammation is examined. The possibility of toxic effects for some carotenoids under certain circumstances is considered. Our knowledge of carotenoids continues to evolve with emerging scientific evidence, and a better understanding of these important plant pigments may improve human health and well-being worldwide.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 150 LeMoyne Pkwy, Oak Park, IL, 60302, USA

    Phyllis E. Bowen PhD, RD

  2. Bartlett, IL, USA

    Veda Diwadkar-Navsariwala PhD

  3. 5825 North Forest Glen Ave, Chicago, IL, 60646, USA

    Maria Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis PhD

Authors
  1. Phyllis E. Bowen PhD, RD
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  2. Maria Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis PhD
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  3. Veda Diwadkar-Navsariwala PhD
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Phyllis E. Bowen PhD, RD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Byron, Georgia, USA

    Chunxian Chen

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© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York

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Bowen, P., Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M., Diwadkar-Navsariwala, V. (2015). Carotenoids in Human Nutrition. In: Chen, C. (eds) Pigments in Fruits and Vegetables. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2356-4_3

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