Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Rectal Cancer and Anal Sphincter Disorders

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
ERCP and EUS

  • 2186 Accesses

Abstract

With increasing recognition of the importance of nodal status in therapeutic decision making for rectal cancer, EUS-FNA has emerged as an essential component of loco-regional staging. EUS-FNA has proven useful in this setting and accurately identifies iliac vessel node disease. This upstages 7 % of primary rectal cancer patients, thereby substantially altering management. While EUS staging following neoadjuvant therapy should be approached with caution, there is a clear benefit in the postoperative surveillance period to biopsy the extramural perirectal space to establish local disease recurrence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. http://www.cancer.gov/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/colon-and-rectal

  2. Marusch F, Ptok H, Sahm M, et al. Endorectal ultrasound in rectal carcinoma–do the literature results really correspond to the realities of routine clinical care? Endoscopy. 2011;43(5):425–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Shapiro R, Ali UA, Lavery IC, Kiran RP. Endorectal ultrasound does not reliably identify patients with uT3 rectal cancer who can avoid neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2013;28:993–1000. [Epub ahead of print].

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Nelson H, Petrelli N, Carlin A, et al. Guidelines 2000 for colon and rectal cancer surgery. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:583–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Wexner SD, Jorge JMN. Anatomy and embryology of the anus, rectum, and colon. In: Corman ML, editor. Colon and rectal surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998. p. 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Kaiser AM, Ortega AE. Anorectal anatomy. Surg Clin North Am. 2002;82(6):1125–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Canessa CE, Badia F, Fierro S, et al. Anatomic study of the lymph nodes of the mesorectum. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:1333–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Greene FL, Page DL, Fleming ID, et al. (eds). AJCC cancer staging manual. 7th ed. NewYork: Springer; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Sobin LH, Wittekind C (eds). TNM: classification of malignant tumours. 6th ed. NewYork: Wiley-Liss; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Golfieri R, Giampalma E, Leo P et al. Comparison of magnetic resonance (0, 5 T), computed tomography, and endorectal ultrasonography in the preoperative staging of neoplasms of the rectum-sigma. Correlation with surgical and anatomopathologic findings. Radiol Med. 1993;85(6):773–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kim NK, Kim MJ, Yun SH, Sohn SK, Min JS. Comparative study of transrectal ultrasonography, pelvic computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42(6):770–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Halefoglu AM, Yildirim S, Avlanmis O, Sakiz D, Baykan A. Endorectal ultrasonography versus phased-array magnetic resonance imaging for preoperative staging of rectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(22):3504–10.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kauer WK, Prantl L, Dittler HJ, Siewert JR. The value of endosonographic rectal carcinoma staging in routine diagnostics: a 10-year analysis. Surg Endosc. 2004;18(7):1075–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ahuja NK, Sauer BG, Wang AY, White GE, Zabolotsky A, Koons A, Leung W, Sarkaria S, Kahaleh M, Waxman I, Siddiqui AA, Shami VM. Performance of endoscopic ultrasound in staging rectal adenocarcinoma appropriate for primary surgical resection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2014.07.013. [epub ahead of print].

    Google Scholar 

  15. Harewood GC, Kumar KS, Clain JE, Levy MJ, Nelson H. J Clinical implications of quantification of mesorectal tumor invasion by endoscopic ultrasound: all T3 rectal cancers are not equal. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;19(7):750–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Jürgensen C, Teubner A, Habeck JO, Diener F, Scherübl H, Stölzel U. Staging of rectal cancer by EUS: depth of infiltration in T3 cancers is important. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;73(2):325–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Esclapez P, Garcia-Granero E, Flor B, et al. Prognostic heterogeneity of endosonographic T3 rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52(4):685–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Orrom WJ, Wong WD, Rothenberger DA, Jensen LL, Goldberg SM. Endorectal ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal tumors. A learning experience. Dis Colon Rectum. 1990;33(8):654–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Solomon MJ, McLeod RS, Cohen EK, Simons ME, Wilson S. Reliability and validity studies of endoluminal ultrasonography for anorectal disorders. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37(6):546–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sailer M, Leppert R, Bussen D, Fuchs KH, Thiede A. Influence of tumor position on accuracy of endorectal ultrasound staging. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40(10):1180–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Puli SR, Bechtold ML, Reddy JB, Choudhary A, Antillon MR, Brugge WR. How good is endoscopic ultrasound in differentiating various T stages of rectal cancer? Meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16(2):254–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Catalano MF, Sivak MV, Rice T, et al. Endosonographic features predictive of lymph node metastasis. Gastrointest Endosc. 1994;40:442–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Murata Y, Muroi M, Yoshida M, et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of esophageal carcinoma. Surg Endosc. 1987;1:11–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Tio TL, Coene PP, Luiken GJ, et al. Endosonography in the clinical staging of esophagogastric carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc. 1990;36(Suppl 2): S2–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Rosen LS, Bilchik AJ, Beart RW Jr, et al. New approaches to assessing and treating early-stage colon and rectal cancer: summary statement from 2007 Santa Monica conference. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13: 6853–6s.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Tsendsuren T, Jun SM, Mian XH. Usefulness of endoscopic ultrasonography in preoperative TNM staging of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:43–7.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Puli SR, Reddy JB, Bechtold ML, Choudhary A, Antillon MR, Brugge WR. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound to diagnose nodal invasion by rectal cancers: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16(5):1255–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Heneghan JP, Salem RR, Lange RC, et al. Transrectal sonography in staging rectal carcinoma: the role of gray-scale, color-flow, and Doppler imaging analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997;169:1247–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Gleeson FC, Clain JE, Papachristou GI, et al. Prospective assessment of EUS criteria for lymphadenopathy associated with rectal cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69(4):896–903.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Knight CS, Eloubeidi MA, Crowe R, et al. Utility of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis and staging of colorectal carcinoma. Diagn Cytopathol. 2011. doi:10.1002/dc.21804. [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

  31. Gleeson FC, Clain JE, Rajan E, Topazian MD, Wang KK, Levy MJ. EUS-FNA assessment of extramesenteric lymph node status in primary rectal cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;74(4):897–905.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Levy MJ, Gleeson FC, Campion MB, et al. Prospective cytological assessment of gastrointestinal luminal fluid acquired during EUS: a potential source of false-positive FNA and needle tract seeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(6):1311–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Gleeson FC, Kipp BR, Caudill JL, et al. False positive endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration cytology: incidence and risk factors. Gut. 2010;59(5):586–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Levy MJ, Norton ID, Clain JE, et al. Prospective study of bacteremia and complications With EUS FNA of rectal and perirectal lesions. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5(6):684–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Mohamadnejad M, Al-Haddad MA, Sherman S, McHenry L, Leblanc JK, DeWitt J. Utility of EUS-guided biopsy of extramural pelvic masses. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75(1):146–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Levy MJ, Abu Dayyeh BK, Fujii LL, et al. Prospective evaluation of adverse events following lower gastrointestinal tract EUS FNA. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(5):676–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Brown G, Richards CJ, Bourne MW, et al. Morphologic predictors of lymph node status in rectal cancer with use of high-spatial-resolution MR imaging with histopathologic comparison. Radiology 2003;227:371–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Gualdi GF, Casciani E., Guadalaxara A, et al. Local staging of rectal cancer with transrectal ultrasound and endorectal magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with histologic findings, Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:338–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bianchi P, Ceriani C, Palmisano A, et al. A prospective comparison of endorectal ultrasound and pelvic magnetic resonance in the preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Ann Ital Chir. 2006;77(1):41–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hulsmans FJ, Tio TL, Fockens P, et al. Assessment of tumor infiltration depth in rectal cancer with transrectal sonography: caution is necessary. Radiology. 1994;190(3):715–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hildebrandt U, Feifel G. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer by intrarectal ultrasound. Dis Colon Rectum. 1985;28(1):42–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Gollub MJ, Maas M, Weiser M, Beets GL, Goodman K, Berkers L, Beets-Tan RG. Recognition of the anterior peritoneal reflection at rectal MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;200(1):97–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Bipat S, Glas AS, Slors FJ, et al. Rectal cancer: local staging and assessment of lymph node involvement with endoluminal US, CT, and MR imaging, a meta-analysis. Radiology 2004;232:773–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Fernández-Esparrach G, Ayuso-Colella JR, Sendino O et al. EUS and magnetic resonance imaging in the staging of rectal cancer: a prospective and comparative study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;74(2):347–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Brown G, Richards CJ, Bourne MW. Morphologic predictors of lymph node status in rectal cancer with use of high-spatial-resolution MR imaging with histopathologic comparison. Radiology. 2003;227(2):371–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Brown G, Kirkham A, Williams GT, et al. High-resolution MRI of the anatomy important in total mesorectal excision of the rectum. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182(2):431–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Lahaye MJ, Engelen SM, Kessels AG, et al. USPIO-enhanced MR imaging for nodal staging in patients with primary rectal cancer: predictive criteria. Radiology. 2008;246(3):804–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Heriot AG, Grundy A, Kumar D. Preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma. Br J Surg. 1999;86:17–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kim NK, Kim MJ, Yun SH, Sohn SK, Min JS. Comparative study of transrectal ultrasonography, pelvic computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 42:770–5.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Wolberink SV, Beets-Tan RG, de Haas-Kock DF, van de Jagt EJ, Span MM, Wiggers T. Multislice CT as a primary screening tool for the prediction of an involved mesorectal fascia and distant metastases in primary rectal cancer: a multicenter study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52(5):928–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Vliegen R, Dresen R, Beets G, Daniels-Gooszen A, et al. The accuracy of Multi-detector row CT for the assessment of tumor invasion of the mesorectal fascia in primary rectal cancer. Abdom Imaging. 2008;33(5):604–10.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Pomerri F, Maretto I, Pucciarelli S et al. Prediction of rectal lymph node metastasis by pelvic computed tomography measurement. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2009;35(2):168–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Harewood GC, Wiersema MJ. Cost-effectiveness of endoscopic ultrasonography in the evaluation of proximal rectal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(4):874–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Eglinton T, Luck A, Bartholomeusz D, Varghese R, Lawrence M. Positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in the initial staging of primary rectal cancer. Colorectal Dis. 2010;12(7):667–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Davey K, Heriot AG, Mackay J et al. The impact of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography on the staging and management of primary rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51(7):997–1003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Tateishi U, Maeda T, Morimoto T, Miyake M, Arai Y, Kim EE. Non-enhanced CT versus contrast-enhanced CT in integrated PET/CT studies for nodal staging of rectal cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34(10):1627–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kim JW, Kim HC, Park JW et al. Predictive value of (18) FDG PET-CT for tumour response in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer treated by preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2013;28(9):1217–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Bampo C, Alessi A, Fantini S et al. Is the standardized uptake value of FDG-PET/CT predictive of pathological complete response in locally advanced rectal cancer treated with capecitabine-based neoadjuvant chemoradiation? Oncology. 2013;84(4):191–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Siddiqui AA, Fayiga Y, Huerta S. The role of endoscopic ultrasound in the evaluation of rectal cancer. Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006;3:36.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Williamson PR, Hellinger MD, Larach SW, Ferrara A. Endorectal ultrasound of T3 and T4 rectal cancers after preoperative chemoradiation. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39(1):45–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Marone P, de Bellis M, Avallone A et al. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound in staging and restaging patients with locally advanced rectal cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2011;35(10):666–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Vanagunas A, Lin DE, Stryker SJ. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound for restaging rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(1):109–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Romagnuolo J, Parent J, Vuong T, Bélanger M, Michel RP, Belliveau PJ, Trudel JL. Predicting residual rectal adenocarcinoma in the surgical specimen after preoperative brachytherapy with endoscopic ultrasound. Can J Gastroenterol. 2004;18(7):435–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Rau B, Hunerbein M, Barth C et al. Accuracy of endorectal ultrasound after preoperative radiochemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer. Surg Endosc. 1999;13:980–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Maor Y, Nadler M, Barshack I et al. Endoscopic ultrasound staging of rectal cancer: diagnostic value before and following chemoradiation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21(2):454.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Napoleon B, Pujol B, Berger F, Valette PJ, Gerard JP, Souquet JC. Accuracy of endosonography in the staging of rectal cancer treated by radiotherapy. Br J Surg. 1991;78:785–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Ramirez JM, Mortensen NJ, Takeuchi N, Humphreys MM. Endoluminal ultrasonography in the follow-up of patients with rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 1994;81:692–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Dresen RC, Peters EE, Rutten HJ et al. Local recurrence in rectal cancer can be predicted by histopathological factors. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2009;35(10):1071–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Law WL, Chu KW. Anterior resection for rectal cancer with mesorectal excision: a prospective evaluation of 622 patients. Ann Surg. 2004;240(2):260–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Jörgren F, Johansson R, Damber L, Lindmark G. Risk factors of rectal cancer local recurrence: population-based survey and validation of the Swedish rectal cancer registry. Colorectal Dis. 2010;12(10):977–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Novell F, Pascual S, Viella P, Trias M. Endorectal ultrasonography in the follow-up of rectal cancer. Is it a better way to detect early local recurrence? Int J Colorectal Dis. 1997;12:78–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Lohnert M, Dohrmann P, Stoffregen C, Hamelmann H. Value of endorectal sonography in the follow-up of patients treated surgically for rectum carcinoma. Zentralbl Chir. 1991;116:461–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Mellgren A, Sirivongs P, Rothenberger DA, Madoff RD, Garcia-Aguilar J. Is local excision adequate therapy for early rectal cancer? Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:1064–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Rex DK, Kahi CJ, Levin B, et al. Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after cancer resection: a consensus update by the american cancer society and the us multi-society task force on colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(6):1865–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Gleeson FC, Larson DW, Dozois EJ et al. Recurrence detection following transanal excision facilitated by EUS-FNA. Hepatogastroenterology. 2012;59(116):1102–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Boo SJ, Byeon JS, Park do H et al. EUS-guided fine needle aspiration and trucut needle biopsy for examination of rectal and perirectal lesions. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2011;46(12):1510–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Honda K, Akahoshi K, Matsui N et al. Role of EUS and EUS-guided FNA in the diagnosis of rectal implantation cyst at an anastomosis site after a previous low anterior resection for a rectal cancer without evidence of cancer recurrence. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;68(4):782–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Mohamadnejad M, Al-Haddad MA, Sherman S, McHenry L, Leblanc JK, DeWitt J. Utility of EUS-guided biopsy of extramural pelvic masses. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75(1):146–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Puri R, Eloubeidi MA, Sud R, Kumar M, Jain P. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of pelvic abscess without fluoroscopy guidance. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25(8):1416–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Wei SC, Su WC, Chang MC, Chang YT, Wang CY, Wong JM. Incidence, endoscopic morphology and distribution of metastatic lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22(6):827–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Dumontier I, Roseau G, Palazzo L, Barbier JP, Couturier D. Endoscopic ultrasonography in rectal linitis plastica. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;46(6):532–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Bhutani MS. EUS and EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration for the diagnosis of rectal linitis plastica secondary to prostate carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;50(1):117–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Pishvaian AC, Ahlawat SK, Garvin D, Haddad NG. Role of EUS and EUS-guided FNA in the diagnosis of symptomatic rectosigmoid endometriosis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63(2):331–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Mascagni D, Corbellini L, Urciuoli P, Di Matteo G. Endoluminal ultrasound for early detection of local recurrence of rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 1989;76(11):1176–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Gleeson FC, Clain JE, Rajan E et al. Secondary linitis plastica of the rectum: EUS features and tissue diagnosis (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;68(3):591–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Lahat A, Assulin Y, Beer-Gabel M, Chowers Y. Endoscopic ultrasound for perianal Crohn’s disease: disease and fistula characteristics, and impact on therapy. J Crohns Colitis. 2012;6(3):311–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Schwartz DA, Wiersema MJ, Dudiak KM et al. A comparison of endoscopic ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and exam under anesthesia for evaluation of Crohn’s perianal fistulas. Gastroenterology. 2001;121(5):1064–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Guzmán Rojas RA, Shek KL, Langer SM, Dietz HP. The prevalence of anal sphincter injury in primiparous women. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013. doi:10.1002/uog.12481. [Epub ahead of print].

    Google Scholar 

  89. Ulla-Rocha JL, Vilar-Cao Z, Sardina-Ferreiro R. EUS-guided drainage and stent placement for postoperative intra-abdominal and pelvic fluid collections in oncological surgery. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2012;5(2):95–102.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Ramesh J, Bang JY, Trevino J, Varadarajulu S. Comparison of outcomes between EUS-guided trans-colonic and trans-rectal drainage of abdominopelvic abscesses. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;28(4):620–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. DeWitt J, Mohamadnejad M. EUS-guided alcohol ablation of metastatic pelvic lymph nodes after endoscopic resection of polypoid rectal cancer: the need for long-term surveillance. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;74(2):446–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Weilert F, Shah JN, Marson FP, Binmoeller KF. EUS-guided coil and glue for bleeding rectal varix. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76(4):915–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Charlton 8, Rochester, MN 55905, USA

    Ferga C. Gleeson MD & Michael J. Levy MD

Authors
  1. Ferga C. Gleeson MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael J. Levy MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ferga C. Gleeson MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Linda S. Lee

Electronic supplementary material

Video Caption

Video 27.1 A T1 lesion with a surgical pathology gold standard revealing invasive grade 3 (of 4) adenocarcinoma (2.7 × 2.0 × 0.5 cm) invading into the submucosa but not into the muscularis propria with a negative surgical resection margin. However, a single (1 of 39) regional lymph node was positive for metastatic adenocarcinoma

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gleeson, F., Levy, M. (2015). Rectal Cancer and Anal Sphincter Disorders. In: Lee, L. (eds) ERCP and EUS. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2320-5_27

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2320-5_27

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2319-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2320-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation