Abstract
It is now common to complete wells with permanent gauges that permit continuous or semi-continuous monitoring of the movement of fluids in the injection or production string. These gauges can come as wired or via the use of fiber optics, or both. Of these the fiber optics variety offers superior data gathering potential but at a higher cost.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
Light travels at ≅300,000,000 m/s in vacuum. In a fiber optics cable light travels more slowly since the refractive index of the optical cable is ≅1.5. Thus in 5 ns a pulse travels 300,000,000 × 5 × 10−9/1.5 = 1.0 m.
- 2.
It was discovered by C.V. Raman and K.S. Krishnan in liquids, and by G. Landsberg and L.I. Mandelstam in crystals. The effect had been predicted theoretically by A. Smekal in 1923.
Bibliography
Feng M, Lufan Z, Michio I. Detection of ceramic cracks using a distributed high-resolution Brillouin fiber optic sensor. SICE J Control Meas Syst Integrat. 2010;3(4):279–84.
Holley EH, et al. Interpreting uncemented multistage hydraulic-fracturing completion effectiveness by use of fiber-optic DTS injection data. SPE Drill Completion. 2013;28(03):243–53.
Holley EH, et al. Integrated analysis combining microseismic mapping and fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS). In: Paper 136565 presented at the Canadian unconventional resources & international petroleum conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; 19–21 Oct 2010.
Huckabee P. Optic fiber distributed temperature for fracture stimulation diagnostics and well performance evaluation. In: Paper 118831 presented at the SPE hydraulic fracturing technology conference, The Woodlands, Texas; 19–21 Jan 2009.
Hudon C, et al. Determination of stator temperature profile using distributed sensing. In: Published in the proceeding at the electrical insulation conference (EIC), Ottawa, Canada; 2–5 June 2013. p. 191–5.
Kaura JD, Sierra JR. Successful field application in continuous DTS monitoring under harsh environment of SAGD wells using improved optical fiber technology—case study from Canada. In: Paper 117206 presented at the international thermal operations and heavy oil symposium, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; 20–23 Oct 2008.
Koelman JMVA, Lopez JL, Potters JHHM. Optical fibers: the neurons for future intelligent wells. In: Paper 150203 presented at the SPE intelligent energy international, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 27–29 Mar 2012.
MacPhail WFP, Lisoway B, Banks K. Fiber optic distributed acoustic sensing of multiple fractures in a horizontal well. In: Paper 152422 presented at the SPE hydraulic fracturing technology conference, The Woodlands, Texas; 6–8 Feb 2012.
Zou L, Sezerman O, Revie W. Pipeline corrosion monitoring by fiber optics distributed strain and temperature sensors. In: NACE international corrosion conference and expo. 2008. Ozoptics.com
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Richard M. Bateman
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bateman, R.M. (2015). Well and Field Monitoring. In: Cased-Hole Log Analysis and Reservoir Performance Monitoring. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2068-6_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2068-6_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2067-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2068-6
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)