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Genitourinary Pathology pp 355–371Cite as

Independent Predictors of Clinical Outcomes and Prediction Models for Renal Tumor Pathology

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Abstract

Kidney cancer is a heterogeneous tumor entity, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common subtype of kidney cancer. As a consequence of its heterogeneous biology, it has become apparent that not a single prognostic factor but multiple factors including patient and tumor characteristics need to be applied to make reliable prognostications. In localized RCC, prognostication is important to individualize follow-up protocols. After surgical treatment only a minority of patients with nonmetastatic RCC will experience disease recurrence, and thus individualized follow-up is desired, particularly for high-risk patients. In metastatic RCC, immunotherapy as a first-line treatment has been supplanted by agents that target the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. The change in treatment paradigm has challenged the validity of prognostic and predictive factors. Thus, much effort has been undertaken to find new markers, improve existing ones, and to develop new prognostication tools. This chapter describes the current knowledge of prognostic factors and models in localized and metastatic RCC. An introduction to predictive markers of treatment response to targeted therapy agents is given, although there is currently no established marker that predicts treatment response to targeted therapy.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada

    Dr. Nils Kroeger MD

  2. Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

    Dr. Nils Kroeger MD

  3. Department of Medical Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Center, Calgary, AB, Canada

    Prof. Daniel Y. C. Heng MD, MPH, FRCPC

  4. Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA

    MBA, PhD Michael W. Kattan PhD

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  3. MBA, PhD Michael W. Kattan PhD
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Correspondence to Nils Kroeger MD .

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  1. Department of Pathology, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Cristina Magi-Galluzzi

  2. Department of Pathology, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Christopher G. Przybycin

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Kroeger, N., Heng, D., Kattan, M. (2015). Independent Predictors of Clinical Outcomes and Prediction Models for Renal Tumor Pathology. In: Magi-Galluzzi, C., Przybycin, C. (eds) Genitourinary Pathology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2044-0_28

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