Abstract
The genus Alouatta is characterized by a flexible social system in which the reproductive strategies of males and females show great variability both within and between species. Even though the mating system of some species is more frequently polygynous (e.g., A. arctoidea, A. seniculus, and A. pigra) and that of other species more often polygynandrous (e.g., A. caraya and A. palliata), females in all species whose reproductive behavior has been studied have been reported to copulate with multiple males within their group, with males in neighboring groups, and with solitary males, suggesting a “mixed mating strategy” characterized by periods of selective mating and periods of promiscuous mating. Central males, however, may be able to monopolize most breeding opportunities during the periovulatory period (POP) of the ovarian cycle when conception is most likely to occur by forming consortships with cycling females. Females do not avoid these consortships as they sexually solicit the central male frequently during their POPs. All howler monkey species are sexually dimorphic in body size, canine size, and hyoid apparatus, suggesting high male–male competition. In addition, four taxa present degrees of sexual dichromatism. Infanticide has been observed in various howler monkey species and might play an important role in shaping their social systems. We review the reproductive behavior of Alouatta, discuss male and female reproductive strategies that are associated with sexual selection via intrasexual selection, mate choice, or intersexual conflict, and propose a model for the evolution of reproductive behavior in atelid primates.
Resumen
El género Alouatta se caracteriza por un sistema social flexible en cual las estrategias reproductivas de los machos y las hembras muestran una gran variabilidad dentro y entre las especies. A pesar de que el sistema de apareamiento de algunas especies es más frecuentemente poligínico (por ejemplo, A. arctoidea, A. seniculus y A. pigra) y el de otras especies más a menudo poliginándrico (por ejemplo, A. caraya y A. palliata), se ha observado en todas las especies cuyas reproducción se ha estudiado que hembras copulan con varios machos de su grupo, con machos en grupos vecinos y con machos solitarios, lo que sugiere una “estrategia de apareamiento mixto” caracterizado por períodos de apareamiento selectivo y períodos de apareamiento promiscuo. Sin embargo, los machos con una posición central pueden monopolizar la mayoría de las oportunidades reproductivas durante el período periovulatorio del ciclo ovárico, cuando la concepción es más probable, al formar un consorte con una hembra ciclando. Las hembras no evitan estos consortes y solicitan sexualmente al macho central con más frecuencia durante sus períodos periovulatorios. Todas las especies de monos aulladores son dimórficos sexualmente en el tamaño corporal, tamaño de los caninos y huesos hioides, sugiriendo una competencia intra- e intergrupal alta entre machos. Además, cuatro taxa presentan grados de dicromatismo sexual. Infanticidio se ha observado en varias especies de monos aulladores y podría jugar un papel importante en la conformación de sus sistemas sociales. En este capítulo revisamos el comportamiento reproductivo del género Alouatta, discutimos las estrategias reproductivas de los machos y de las hembras, examinando si éstas son compatibles con los procesos asociados a la selección sexual, como la selección de pareja (“mate choice”), la selección intrasexual y el conflicto intersexual, y proponemos un modelo hipotético sobre la evolución de las conductas reproductivas en los primates atélidos.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Martín M. Kowalewski, Paul A. Garber, Liliana Cortés-Ortiz, Bernardo Urbani, and Dionisios Youlatos for the invitation to contribute to this volume and to Martín M. Kowalewski, Paul A. Garber, and an anonymous reviewer for constructive suggestions that improved the quality of the chapter. JCBM also thanks the Brazilian National Research Council for a research fellowship (CNPq # 303154/2009-8). SVB was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) during the writing of this manuscript.
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Van Belle, S., Bicca-Marques, J.C. (2015). Insights into Reproductive Strategies and Sexual Selection in Howler Monkeys. In: Kowalewski, M., Garber, P., Cortés-Ortiz, L., Urbani, B., Youlatos, D. (eds) Howler Monkeys. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1960-4_3
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