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Howler Monkeys pp 55–84Cite as

The Taxonomy of Howler Monkeys: Integrating Old and New Knowledge from Morphological and Genetic Studies

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Part of the book series: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects ((DIPR))

Abstract

 The taxonomic history of the howler monkeys, genus Alouatta, has been long, complex, and filled with omissions and mistakes. This has created confusion over the validity of different taxa. Here we review the taxonomic history of the genus and evaluate the validity of the different taxa based on current knowledge generated through morphological and genetic studies. We recognize nine species of howlers (A. palliata, A. pigra, A. seniculus, A. arctoidea, A. sara, A. macconnelli, A. guariba, A. belzebul, A. caraya) and three more taxa that we tentatively consider full species (A. nigerrima, A. ululata, A. discolor), but for which genetic and/or morphological studies are required to confirm this status. We recognize five subspecies in A. palliata (A. p. mexicana, A. p. palliata, A. p. coibensis, A. p. trabeata, and A. p. aequatorialis), three in A. seniculus, (A. s. seniculus, A. s. juara, and A. s. puruensis), two in A. guariba (A. g. guariba and A. g. clamitans), and acknowledge the possibility that A. pigra may have two subspecies (A. p. pigra and A. p. luctuosa). Most species and subspecies require field studies to determine their actual distribution ranges. Furthermore, a combination of morphological and genetic analyses is needed to confirm the validity of several taxa. Given the broad presence of howler monkeys in the Neotropics, these studies would require the collaboration of a multidisciplinary network of researchers across the range of distribution of the genus.

Resumen

La historia taxonómica de los monos aulladores, género Alouatta, ha sido larga, compleja y llena de omisiones y errores. Esto ha creado confusión respecto la validez de los distintos taxa. En este capítulo revisamos la historia taxonómica del género y evaluamos la validez de los distintos taxa con base en el conocimiento actual generado a través de estudios morfológicos y genéticos. Reconocemos nueve especies de monos aulladores (A. palliata, A. pigra, A. seniculus, A. arctoidea, A. sara, A. macconnelli, A. guariba, A. belzebul, A. caraya) y tres taxa que tentativamente consideramos como especies verdaderas (A. nigerrima, A. ululata, A. discolor), pero que requieren de estudios morfológicos y/o genéticos para confirmar su estatus específico. Reconocemos cinco subespecies en A. palliata (A. p. mexicana, A. p. palliata, A. p. coibensis, A. p. trabeata y A. p. aequatorialis), tres en A. seniculus, (A. s. seniculus, A. s. juara y A. s. puruensis), dos en A. guariba (A. g. guariba y A. g. clamitans) y consideramos la posibilidad de que A. pigra pueda tener dos subspecies (A. p. pigra y A. p. luctuosa). La mayoría de las especies y subespecies requieren de trabajos de campo que permitan delimitar sus rangos de distribución. Además, se precisa de análisis de datos genéticos y morfológicos para confirmar la validez de varios de estos taxa. Dada la amplia presencia de los monos aulladores en el Neotrópico, estos estudios requerirán de la colaboración de una red multidisciplinaria de científicos a través del rango de distribución del género.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Although some authors, for example, Hill (1962), attribute the name stramineus to Humboldt (1812) (Simia straminea) published two months before É. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire’s Stentor stramineus, Humboldt (1812) gave specific credit to Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire for the name; he merely placed it in Linnaeus’ genus Simia and changed the gender accordingly. (See Article 50.1.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature<http://iczn.org/code>.)

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Acknowledgments

 We thank Bernardo Urbani, Dionisios Youlatos, and an anonymous reviewer on the first draft of this manuscript for their helpful comments. L.C.O. was supported by an NSF grant (BCS-0962807) while writing this chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Museum of Zoology, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Liliana Cortés-Ortiz

  2. Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Arlington, Washington, DC, USA

    Anthony B. Rylands & Russell A. Mittermeier

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  1. Liliana Cortés-Ortiz
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Correspondence to Liliana Cortés-Ortiz .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Estación Biológica Corrientes, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Martín M. Kowalewski

  2. Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA

    Paul A. Garber

  3. Museum of Zoology, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Liliana Cortés-Ortiz

  4. Centro de Antropología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela

    Bernardo Urbani

  5. Department of Zoology, Aristotle University of Thessalonik, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Dionisios Youlatos

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Cortés-Ortiz, L., Rylands, A.B., Mittermeier, R.A. (2015). The Taxonomy of Howler Monkeys: Integrating Old and New Knowledge from Morphological and Genetic Studies. In: Kowalewski, M., Garber, P., Cortés-Ortiz, L., Urbani, B., Youlatos, D. (eds) Howler Monkeys. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1957-4_3

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