Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Neurointervention in the Medical Specialties pp 71–91Cite as

Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Atherosclerosis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 1616 Accesses

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Neurology ((CCNEU))

Abstract

Intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAD) is responsible for a significant proportion of ischemic strokes worldwide. Conservative medical management is the appropriate first step in the treatment of ICAD. The clinical presentation of ICAD is heterogenous, with ischemia resulting from more than one mechanism. Delineating the mechanism of ischemia needs careful clinical analysis and usually necessitates multimodal imaging. An endovascular treatment approach based on the mechanism of stroke may be beneficial for select patients. Patient selection will be a critical factor in the design of future ICAD clinical trials.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Lee JS, Im DS, An Y-S, Hong JM, Gwag BJ, Joo IS. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease: an additional contributing factor of cognitive impairment. Neurosci Lett. 2011;489(2):84–8. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.11.071.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Sacco RL, Kargman DE, Gu Q, Zamanillo MC. Race-ethnicity and determinants of intracranial atherosclerotic cerebral infarction. The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke. 1995;26(1):14–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Derdeyn CP, et al. Stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(11):993–1003. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1105335.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Wong LKS. Global burden of intracranial atherosclerosis. Int J Stroke. 2006;1(3):158–9. doi:10.1111/j.1747-4949.2006.00045.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Choi H-Y, Ye BS, Ahn SH, et al. Characteristics and the fate of intraluminal thrombus of the intracranial and extracranial cerebral arteries in acute ischemic stroke patients. Eur Neurol. 2009;62(2):72–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Chaturvedi S, Turan TN, Lynn MJ, et al. Risk factor status and vascular events in patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis. Neurology. 2007;69(22):2063–8. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000279338.18776.26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Adams GJG, Greene JJ, Vick GWG, et al. Tracking regression and progression of atherosclerosis in human carotid arteries using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Imaging. 2004;22(9):1249–59. doi:10.1016/j.mri.2004.08.020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Carson AP, Howard G, Burke GL, Shea S, Levitan EB, Muntner P. Ethnic differences in hypertension incidence among middle-aged and older adults: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Hypertension. 2011;57(6):1101–7. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.168005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bley TA, Uhl M, Venhoff N, Thoden J, Langer M, Markl M. 3-T MRI reveals cranial and thoracic inflammatory changes in giant cell arteritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26(3):448–50. doi:10.1007/s10067-005-0160-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Waddy SP, Cotsonis G, Lynn MJ, et al. Racial differences in vascular risk factors and outcomes of patients with intracranial atherosclerotic arterial stenosis. Stroke. 2009;40(3):719–25. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.526624.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Liebeskind DS, Cotsonis GA, Saver JL, et al. Collaterals dramatically alter stroke risk in intracranial atherosclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2011;69(6):963–74. doi:10.1002/ana.22354.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Stevens J, Truesdale KP, Katz EG, Cai J. Impact of body mass index on incident hypertension and diabetes in Chinese Asians, American Whites, and American Blacks: the People’s Republic of China Study and the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(11):1365–74. doi:10.1093/aje/kwn060.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Caplan LR. Intracranial branch atheromatous disease: a neglected, understudied, and underused concept. Neurology. 1989;39(9):1246–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Caplan LR, Hennerici M. Impaired clearance of emboli (washout) is an important link between hypoperfusion, embolism, and ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol. 1998;55(11):1475–82. doi:10.1001/archneur.55.11.1475.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Howlett-Smith H, et al. Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(13):1305–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lee DK, Kim JS, Kwon SU, Yoo S-H, Kang D-W. Lesion patterns and stroke mechanism in atherosclerotic middle cerebral artery disease: early diffusion-weighted imaging study. Stroke. 2005;36(12):2583–8. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000189999.19948.14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ryoo S, Park JH, Kim SJ, et al. Branch occlusive disease: clinical and magnetic resonance angiography findings. Neurology. 2012;78(12):888–96. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31824c4699.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Holmstedt CA, Turan TN, Chimowitz MI. Atherosclerotic intracranial arterial stenosis: risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(11):1106–14. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70195-9.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kasner SE, Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, et al. Predictors of ischemic stroke in the territory of a symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. Circulation. 2006;113(4):555–63. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.578229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Derdeyn CP, Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, et al. Aggressive medical treatment with or without stenting in high-risk patients with intracranial artery stenosis (SAMMPRIS): the final results of a randomised trial. Lancet. 2014;383:333–41. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62038-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Khan A, Kasner SE, Lynn MJ, Chimowitz MI. Risk factors and outcome of patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis presenting with lacunar stroke. Stroke. 2012;43(5):1230–3. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.641696.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ois A, Gomis M, Rodriguez-Campello A, et al. Factors associated with a high risk of recurrence in patients with transient ischemic attack or minor stroke. Stroke. 2008;39(6):1717–21. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.505438.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Samuels OB, Joseph GJ, Lynn MJ, Smith HA, Chimowitz MI. A standardized method for measuring intracranial arterial stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21(4):643–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kang D-W, Kwon SU, Yoo S-H, et al. Early recurrent ischemic lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging in symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2007;64(1):50–4. doi:10.1001/archneur.64.1.50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Cho K-H, Kang D-W, Kwon SU, Kim JS. Location of single subcortical infarction due to middle cerebral artery atherosclerosis: proximal versus distal arterial stenosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(1):48–52. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.143354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Feldmann EE, Wilterdink JLJ, Kosinski AA, et al. The stroke outcomes and neuroimaging of intracranial atherosclerosis (SONIA) trial. Neurology. 2007;68(24):2099–106. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000261488.05906.c1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. de Andrade SPC, Brucki SMD, Bueno OFA, Siqueira Neto JI. Neuropsychological performance in patients with subcortical stroke. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2012;70(5):341–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Saczynski JS, Sigurdsson S, Jonsdottir MK, et al. Cerebral infarcts and cognitive performance: importance of location and number of infarcts. Stroke. 2009;40(3):677–82. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.530212.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Bash S, Villablanca JP, Jahan R, et al. Intracranial vascular stenosis and occlusive disease: evaluation with CT angiography, MR angiography, and digital subtraction angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26(5):1012–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Nguyen-Huynh MN, Wintermark M, English J, et al. How accurate is CT angiography in evaluating intracranial atherosclerotic disease? Stroke. 2008;39(4):1184–8. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.502906.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Swartz RH, Bhuta SS, Farb RI, et al. Intracranial arterial wall imaging using high-resolution 3-tesla contrast-enhanced MRI. Neurology. 2009;72(7):627–34. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000342470.69739.b3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ryu C-WC, Jahng G-HG, Kim E-JE, Choi W-SW, Yang D-MD. High resolution wall and lumen MRI of the middle cerebral arteries at 3 tesla. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;27(5):433–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Diethrich EB, Margolis MP, Reid DB, et al. Virtual histology intravascular ultrasound assessment of carotid artery disease: the Carotid Artery Plaque Virtual Histology Evaluation (CAPITAL) study. J Endovasc Ther. 2007;14(5):676–86. doi:10.1583/1545-1550(2007)14[676:VHIUAO]2.0.CO;2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Xu W-H, Li M-L, Gao S, et al. Middle cerebral artery intraplaque hemorrhage: prevalence and clinical relevance. Ann Neurol. 2012;71(2):195–8. doi:10.1002/ana.22626.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Vergouwen MDIM, Silver FLF, Mandell DMD, Mikulis DJD, Swartz RHR. Eccentric narrowing and enhancement of symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenoses in patients with recent ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(3):338–42. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Higashida RT, Furlan AJ, Roberts H, et al. Trial design and reporting standards for intra-arterial cerebral thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2003;34(8):e109–37. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000082720.85129.0A.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Powers WJ, Clarke WR, Grubb RL, et al. Extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery for stroke prevention in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia: the Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(18):1983–92. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1610.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Failure of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. Results of an international randomized trial. The EC/IC Bypass Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1985;313(19):1191–1200. doi:10.1056/NEJM198511073131904.

  39. Mazighi M, Tanasescu R, Ducrocq X, et al. Prospective study of symptomatic atherothrombotic intracranial stenoses: the GESICA study. Neurology. 2006;66(8):1187–91. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000208404.94585.b2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Marks MP, Wojak JC, Al-Ali F, et al. Angioplasty for symptomatic intracranial stenosis: clinical outcome. Stroke. 2006;37(4):1016–20. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000206142.03677.c2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Marks MP, Marcellus ML, Do HM, et al. Intracranial angioplasty without stenting for symptomatic atherosclerotic stenosis: long-term follow-up. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26(3):525–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Castaneda-Zuniga WR, Formanek A, Tadavarthy M, et al. The mechanism of balloon angioplasty. Radiology. 1980;135(3):565–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Sundt TM, Smith HC, Campbell JK, Vlietstra RE, Cucchiara RF, Stanson AW. Transluminal angioplasty for basilar artery stenosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 1980;55(11):673–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. O’Leary DHD, Clouse MEM. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the cavernous carotid artery for recurrent ischemia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1984;5(5):644–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Purdy PDP, Devous MDM, Unwin DHD, Giller CAC, Batjer HHH. Angioplasty of an atherosclerotic middle cerebral artery associated with improvement in regional cerebral blood flow. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1990;11(5):878–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Takis C, Kwan ES, Pessin MS, Jacobs DH, Caplan LR. Intracranial angioplasty: experience and complications. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18(9):1661–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Connors JJ, Wojak JC. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for intracranial atherosclerotic lesions: evolution of technique and short-term results. J Neurosurg. 1999;91(3):415–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Terada T, Tsuura M, Matsumoto H, et al. Endovascular therapy for stenosis of the petrous or cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery: percutaneous transluminal angioplasty compared with stent placement. J Neurosurg. 2003;98(3):491–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Johnston S, Selvin S. The burden, trends, and demographics of mortality from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 1998;50(5):143–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Broderick J, Connolly S, Feldmann E, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in adults: 2007 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke. 2007;38(6):2001–23. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.183689.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Miao Z, Jiang L, Wu H, et al. Randomized controlled trial of symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis: endovascular versus medical therapy in a chinese population. Stroke. 2012;43(12):3284–90. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.662270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127(1):e6–245. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828124ad.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Wojak JC, Dunlap DC, Hargrave KR, DeAlvare LA, Culbertson HS, Connors JJ. Intracranial angioplasty and stenting: long-term results from a single center. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(9):1882–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Nguyen TN, Zaidat OO, Gupta R, et al. Balloon angioplasty for intracranial atherosclerotic disease: periprocedural risks and short-term outcomes in a multicenter study. Stroke. 2011;42(1):107–11. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.583245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Hussain MS, Fraser JF, Abruzzo T, et al. Standard of practice: endovascular treatment of intracranial atherosclerosis. J Neurointerv Surg. 2012;4(6):397–406. doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2012-010405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Siddiq F, Vazquez G, Memon MZ, et al. Comparison of primary angioplasty with stent placement for treating symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic diseases: a Multicenter study. Stroke. 2008;39(9):2505–10. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.515361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Mazighi M, Yadav JS, Abou-Chebl A. Durability of endovascular therapy for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis. Stroke. 2008;39(6):1766–9. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.500587.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Qureshi AI, Kirmani JF, Hussein HM, et al. Early and intermediate-term outcomes with drug-eluting stents in high-risk patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis. Neurosurgery. 2006;59(5):1044–51. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000245593.54204.99. discussion 1051.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Abou-Chebl A, Bashir Q, Yadav JS. Drug-eluting stents for the treatment of intracranial atherosclerosis: initial experience and midterm angiographic follow-up. Stroke. 2005;36(12):e165–8. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000190893.74268.fd.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Boulos AS, Agner C, Deshaies EM. Preliminary evidence supporting the safety of drug-eluting stents in neurovascular disease. Neurol Res. 2005;27 Suppl 1:S95–102. doi:10.1179/016164105X35459.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Roy PP, Bonello LL, Torguson RR, et al. Temporal relation between clopidogrel cessation and stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent implantation. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103(6):801–5. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.11.038.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Palmerini T, Biondi-Zoccai G, Riva Della D, et al. Stent thrombosis with drug-eluting stents: is the paradigm shifting? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(21):1915–21. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.725.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Park S, Lee D-G, Chung W-J, Lee DH, Suh DC. Long-term outcomes of drug-eluting stents in symptomatic intracranial stenosis. Neurointervention. 2013;8(1):9. doi:10.5469/neuroint.2013.8.1.9.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Fiorella D, Levy EI, Turk AS, et al. US multicenter experience with the wingspan stent system for the treatment of intracranial atheromatous disease: periprocedural results. Stroke. 2007;38(3):881–7. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000257963.65728.e8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Zaidat OO, Klucznik R, Alexander MJ, et al. The NIH registry on use of the Wingspan stent for symptomatic 70-99% intracranial arterial stenosis. Neurology. 2008;70(17):1518–24. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000306308.08229.a3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Zaidat OO, Castonguay AC, Nguyen TN, et al. Impact of SAMMPRIS on the future of intracranial atherosclerotic disease management: polling results from the ICAD symposium at the International Stroke Conference. J Neurointerv Surg. 2014;6:225–30. doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2013-010667.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Yu SCHS, Leung TWHT, Lee KTK, Hui JWYJ, Wong LKSL. Angioplasty and stenting of atherosclerotic middle cerebral arteries with Wingspan: evaluation of clinical outcome, restenosis, and procedure outcome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32(4):753–8. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A2363.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Kurre W, Berkefeld J, Brassel F, et al. In-hospital complication rates after stent treatment of 388 symptomatic intracranial stenoses: results from the INTRASTENT multicentric registry. Stroke. 2010;41(3):494–8. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.568063.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. The SSYLVIA Study Investigators. Stenting of symptomatic atherosclerotic lesions in the vertebral or intracranial arteries (SSYLVIA): study results. Stroke. 2004;35(6):1388–92. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000128708.86762.d6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Derdeyn CP, Fiorella D, Lynn MJ, et al. Mechanisms of stroke after intracranial angioplasty and stenting in the SAMMPRIS trial. Neurosurgery. 2013;72(5):777–95. doi:10.1227/NEU.0b013e318286fdc8. discussion 795.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Fiorella D, Derdeyn CP, Lynn MJ, et al. Detailed analysis of periprocedural strokes in patients undergoing intracranial stenting in Stenting and Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent Stroke in Intracranial Stenosis (SAMMPRIS). Stroke. 2012;43(10):2682–8. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.661173.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Chimowitz MI, Fiorella D, Derdeyn CP, et al. Response to critique of the stenting and aggressive medical management for preventing recurrent stroke in intracranial stenosis (SAMMPRIS) trial by Abou-Chebl and Steinmetz. Stroke. 2012;43(10):2806–9. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.661041.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Gonzalez NR, Liebeskind DS, Dusick JR, Mayor F, Saver J. Intracranial arterial stenoses: current viewpoints, novel approaches, and surgical perspectives. Neurosurg Rev. 2013;36(2):175–84. doi:10.1007/s10143-012-0432-z.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Mori T, Fukuoka M, Kazita K, Mori K. Follow-up study after intracranial percutaneous transluminal cerebral balloon angioplasty. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19(8):1525–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Disclosures

Funding sources: None.

Conflict of Interest None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Neurointerventional Division, Froedtert Hospital and Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA

    Mohamed S. Teleb M.D., Kaiz Asif M.D., Alicia C. Castonguay Ph.D. & Osama O. Zaidat M.D., M.S.

Authors
  1. Mohamed S. Teleb M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kaiz Asif M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alicia C. Castonguay Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Osama O. Zaidat M.D., M.S.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohamed S. Teleb M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

    Randall C. Edgell

  2. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, UT-HEALTH, Houston, Texas, USA

    Sean I. Savitz

  3. Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA

    John Dalfino

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Teleb, M.S., Asif, K., Castonguay, A.C., Zaidat, O.O. (2015). Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Atherosclerosis. In: Edgell, R., Savitz, S., Dalfino, J. (eds) Neurointervention in the Medical Specialties. Current Clinical Neurology. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1942-0_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1942-0_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1941-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1942-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation