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Thorax Injury Biomechanics

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Accidental Injury

Abstract

This chapter provides a broad overview of the biomechanics of the human thorax with a focus on impact loading. The introduction to the thoracic anatomy emphasizes its skeletal structures, organs and soft tissues, and this is followed by a brief description of injury quantification using the Abbreviated Injury Score and Injury Severity Score. Injury mechanisms are reviewed from a historical perspective. They include rib fractures and flail chest, lung contusions, hemo- and pneumo-thoraces, and heart and aorta injuries. The next two sections are focused on frontal and side impact injury aspects. In the frontal impact, different methods used in loading are described, including blunt, belt and airbag loading, along with biomechanical response data and injury mechanisms. Various candidates for injury criteria are also described. Pure lateral and oblique side impacts are then described using a similar method, albeit separately. The oblique loading modality discovered in modern vehicular environments is relatively new. Oblique impacts are shown to be more injurious than pure lateral impacts. Injury criteria associated with this vector needs further research as studies are beginning to appear in published literature. The reader is then exposed to a brief assessment and development of dummy thorax although dummy-related topic is covered elsewhere in the book.

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Acknowledgments

This material is the result of work supported with resources and the use of facilities at the Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin and the Medical College of Wisconsin.Narayan Yoganandan is a part-time employee of the Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.Any views expressed in this chapter are those of the authors and not necessarily representative of the funding organizations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA

    John M. Cavanaugh M.D.

  2. Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    Narayan Yoganandan Ph.D.

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  1. John M. Cavanaugh M.D.
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  2. Narayan Yoganandan Ph.D.
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Correspondence to John M. Cavanaugh M.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA

    Narayan Yoganandan

  2. School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, USA

    Alan M. Nahum

  3. Tandelta Inc., Ann Arbor, USA

    John W. Melvin

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Cavanaugh, J.M., Yoganandan, N. (2015). Thorax Injury Biomechanics. In: Yoganandan, N., Nahum, A., Melvin, J. (eds) Accidental Injury. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1732-7_13

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