Abstract
One in ten American adults, more than ten million people, has chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is defined as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 for more than 3 months or when a patient’s urine albumin to creatinine ratio is greater than 30 mg of albumin for each gram of creatinine (30 mg/g). End Stage Renal Failure (ESRD) is defined as total and permanent kidney failure. ESRD rates are three times higher for African-Americans compared to non-Hispanic whites. Treating ESRD cost the US more than $40 billion in public and private funds in 2010. Routes for hemodialysis vascular access include (1) tunneled dialysis catheter (TDC), (2) prosthetic bridge graft (PBG), and (3) arteriovenous fistula (AVF).
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References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014 National Chronic Kidney Disease Fact Sheet. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/factsheets/kidney.htm Accessed January 12, 2014.
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Kirksey, L. (2014). Hemodialysis Access. In: Shah, S., Clair, D. (eds) Cleveland Clinic Manual of Vascular Surgery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1631-3_9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1631-3_9
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