Abstract
The oropharynx encompasses the soft palate, the palatine tonsils, the base of tongue, and a portion of the posterior and lateral pharyngeal wall between the nasopharynx and hypopharynx. The oropharynx is lined by squamous epithelium, and it contains numerous salivary glands and lymphoid tissue. Squamous cell carcinoma comprises the majority of cancers in the oropharynx. Oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma (OP SCCA) comprises approximately 12 % of all head and neck cancers, with an increasing incidence each year [1]. Historically, OP SCCa has been a disease associated strongly with heavy tobacco and alcohol use. While these two carcinogens continue to play a role in the development of OP SCCa, human papilloma virus (HPV, particularly type 16) has been recognized as the most common factor associated with oropharynx cancer in the United States and other developed cancers. HPV 16 is also the most common factor in the development of cervical cancer in women, and the incidence of OP SCCa related to HPV 16 is expected to eclipse the incidence of cervical cancer by 2020 [2].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Harreus U. Cummings otolaryngology: head & neck surgery. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby, Inc.
Charturvedi AK, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, et al. Human papillomavirus and rising oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:4224–30.
Chen AY, Schrag N, Hao Y, Stewart A, Ward E. Changes in treatment of advanced oropharyngeal cancer, 1985–2001. Laryngoscope. 2007;117(1):16–21. doi:10.1097/01.mlg.0000240182.61922.31.
Van Abel KM, Moore EJ. The rise of transoral robotic surgery in the head and neck: emerging applications. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2012;12(3):373–80.
Moore EJ, Henstrom DK, Olsen KD, Kasperbauer JL, McGree ME. Transoral resection of tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope. 2009;119(3):508–15. doi:10.1002/lary.20124.
Holsinger FC, McWhorter AJ, Menard M, Garcia D, Laccourreye O. Transoral lateral oropharyngectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsillar region: I. Technique, complications, and functional results. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;131(7):583–91. doi:10.1001/archotol.131.7.583.
Steiner W, Ambrosch P. Endoscopic laser surgery of the upper aerodigestive tract with special emphasis on cancer surgery. Stuttgart, Germany: Thieme; 2000.
Steiner W, Fierek O, Ambrosch P, Hommerich CP, Kron M. Transoral laser microsurgery for squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129:36–43.
Moore EJ, Olsen SM, Laborde RR, et al. Long-term functional and oncologic results of transoral robotic surgery for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(3):219–25. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.10.007.
Weinstein GS, O’Malley BW, Cohen MA, Quon H. Transoral robotic surgery for advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;136(11):1079–85. doi:10.1001/archoto.2010.191.
Malley O, Jr BW, Weinstein GS, Snyder W, Hockstein NG. Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for base of tongue neoplasms. Laryngoscope. 2006;116(8):1465–72.
Hockstein NG, Nolan JP, Malley O, Jr BW, Woo YJ. Robot-assisted pharyngeal and laryngeal microsurgery: results of robotic cadaver dissections. Laryngoscope. 2005;115:1003–8. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000164714.90354.7D.
Hockstein NG, Malley O, Jr BW, Weinstein GS. Assessment of intraoperative safety in transoral robotic surgery. Laryngoscope. 2006;116(2):165–8. doi:10.1097/01.mlg.0000199899.00479.75.
Weinstein GS, O'Malley Jr BW, Magnuson JS, et al. Transoral robotic surgery: a multicenter study to assess feasibility, safety, and surgical margins. Laryngoscope. 2012;122(8):1701–7. doi:10.1002/lary.23294.
White HN, et al. Transoral robotic-assisted surgery for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: one and 2-year survival analysis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;136(12):1248–52.
Moore EJE, Janus JJ, Kasperbauer JJ. Transoral robotic surgery of the oropharynx: clinical and anatomic considerations. Clin Anat. 2012;25(1):135–41. doi:10.1002/ca.22008.
Weinstein GS, et al. Transoral robotic surgery: radical tonsillectomy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;133(12):1220–6.
Chi JJ, Mandel JE, Weinstein GS, O’Malley BW. Anesthetic considerations for transoral robotic surgery. Anesthesiol Clin. 2010;28(3):411–22. doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2010.07.002.
Moore EJ, et al. Transoral robotic surgery for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective study of feasibility and functional outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2009;119(11):2156–64.
Park YM, Lee JG, Lee WS, Choi EC, Chung SM, Kim S-H. Feasibility of transoral lateral oropharyngectomy using a robotic surgical system for tonsillar cancer. Oral Oncol. 2009;45(8):e62–6. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.02.012.
Hinni ML, Zarka MA, Hoxworth JM. Margin mapping in transoral surgery for head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope. 2013;123(5):1190–8. doi:10.1002/lary.23900.
Looser KG, Shah JP, Strong EW. The significance of “positive” margins in surgically resected epidermoid carcinomas. Head Neck Surg. 1978;1(2):107–111. Available at: http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=755803&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks.
Howard BE, Hinni ML, Nagel TH, Chang YH, Cheng MR, Hayden RE. Submandibular gland preservation during concurrent neck dissection and transoral surgery for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;150(4):587–93. doi:10.1177/0194599813519041.
Moore EJ, Ebrahimi A, Price DL, Olsen KD. Retropharyngeal lymph node dissection in oropharyngeal cancer treated with transoral robotic surgery. Laryngoscope. 2013;123(7):1676–81. doi:10.1002/lary.24009.
Moore EJ, Olsen KD, Martin E. Concurrent neck dissection and transoral robotic surgery. Laryngoscope. 2010;121(3):541–4.
Boudreaux BA, et al. Robot-assisted surgery for upper aerodigestive tract neoplasms. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;135:397–401.
Salass JR, et al. Postoperative bleeding in transoral laser microsurgery for upper aerodigestive tract tumors. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;139(3):453–9.
Woodley DT. Woodley: The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Wound…—Google Scholar. 1996.
Kramer S, Gelber RD, Snow JB, et al. Combined radiation therapy and surgery in the management of advanced head and neck cancer: final report of study 73-03 of the radiation therapy oncology group. Head Neck Surg. 1987;10:19–30.
Cooper J, et al. Postoperative concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for high-risk squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med. 2004;250:1937–44.
Ang KK, et al. Human papilloma virus and survival of patients with oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(1):24–35.
Olsen SM, Moore EJ, Laborde RR, et al. Transoral surgery alone for human-papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Ear Nose Throat J. 2013;92(2):76–83.
Weinstein GS, Quon H, Newman HJ, et al. Transoral robotic surgery alone for oropharyngeal cancer: an analysis of local control. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;138(7):628–34. doi:10.1001/archoto.2012.1166.
Pollei TR, Hinni ML, Moore EJ, et al. Analysis of postoperative bleeding and risk factors in transoral surgery of the oropharynx. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;139(11):1212–8. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2013.5097.
Desai SC, Sung C-K, Jang DW, Genden EM. Transoral robotic surgery using a carbon dioxide flexible laser for tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract. Laryngoscope. 2008;118(12):2187–9. doi:10.1097/MLG.0b013e31818379e4.
Dean NR, Rosenthal EL, Carroll WR, et al. Robotic assisted surgery for primary or recurrent oropharyngeal carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;136(4):380–4.
Serrano CR, Johnson P, Zubiate B. A transoral highly flexible robot. Laryngoscope. 2012;122(5):1067–71.
Desai SC, Sung C-K, Genden EM. Transoral robotic surgery using an image guidance system. Laryngoscope. 2008;118(11):2003–5. doi:10.1097/MLG.0b013e3181818784.
Jakobsohn K, Motiei M, Sinvani M, Popovtzer R. Towards real-time detection of tumor margins using photothermal imaging of immune-targeted gold nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine. 2012;7:4707–13. doi:10.2147/IJN.S34157.
Keereweer S, Kerrebijn JDF, Mol IM, et al. Optical imaging of oral squamous cell carcinoma and cervical lymph node metastasis. Head Neck. 2012;34(7):1002–8. doi:10.1002/hed.21861.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Moore, E.J. (2015). Robotic Surgery for the Management of Oropharyngeal Malignancies. In: Grillone, G., Jalisi, S. (eds) Robotic Surgery of the Head and Neck. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1547-7_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1547-7_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1546-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1547-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)