Abstract
One by one the participants of the early stages of the 30 Years’ War were swept violently from the scene. Tilly and Gustavus Adolphus were both killed in battle, Wallenstein was murdered. Eventually the contending armies found themselves in a vast and confused standstill. With the signing of the “peace” of Prague in 1635, Germans attempted to end the convulsions within their own borders; but the most brutal, destructive, and homicidal phase of the 30 Years War followed, as European powers peripheral to the theater of war, chiefly Sweden and France (resurgent under the leadership of Cardinal Richelieu), struggled to assert control; meanwhile France began a new front against Habsburg power by declaring war on Spain and its possessions.
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Westfall, J., Sheehan, W. (2015). Homage to Horrocks. In: Celestial Shadows. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 410. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1535-4_10
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