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Other Secondary Causes

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Abstract

Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) in the majority of patients is idiopathic (primary RP; PRP), however in approximately 10–20 % of patients there is an underlying driving aetiology (secondary RP; SRP). Recognition of SRP (unlike PRP) is of utmost importance as it may progress to irreversible tissue damage and alert the physician to the presence of an underlying serious disease process. RP secondary to connective tissue disease and to trauma has been discussed in the previous two chapters. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the evidence base for the “other” widely recognised causes of SRP (Table 10.1), namely, carpal tunnel syndrome, drugs and toxins, metabolic and haematological abnormalities and malignancy-related.

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Abbreviations

ADHD:

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

CsA:

Cyclosporine A

ET:

Endothelin

IFN-α:

Interferon-alpha

IFN-β:

Interferon-beta

IFN-γ:

Interferon-gamma

MS:

Multiple sclerosis

OR:

Odds ratio

RP:

Raynaud’s phenomenon

SSc:

Systemic sclerosis

VCM:

Vinyl chloride monomer

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

    Marina Anderson Ph.D., M.R.C.P.

  2. Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    Michael Hughes M.Sc., M.R.C.P.

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  1. Marina Anderson Ph.D., M.R.C.P.
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  2. Michael Hughes M.Sc., M.R.C.P.
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  1. School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Fredrick M. Wigley

  2. Department of Rheumatology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

    Ariane L. Herrick

  3. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medic, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Nicholas A. Flavahan

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Anderson, M., Hughes, M. (2015). Other Secondary Causes. In: Wigley, F., Herrick, A., Flavahan, N. (eds) Raynaud’s Phenomenon. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1526-2_10

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