Abstract
After a brief introduction, this chapter covers optical tweezers and related techniques, uses of lasers for ablation, desorption, ionization, and dissection, fluorescent labeling, Abbe’s diffraction limit to spatial resolution in microscopy, two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy, stimulated emission depletion (STED), near-field microscopy, quantum dots and their uses in biology, photochemical internalization and caged compounds, photo-gating of membrane channels, and photo-crosslinking and photolabeling.
Keywords
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Ando R (2002) An optical marker based on the UV-induced green-to-red photoconversion of a fluorescent protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:12651–12656
Ashkin A (1970) Acceleration and trapping of particles by radiation pressure. Phys Rev Lett 24:156–159
Bacchi A, Carcelli M, Pelizzi C, Pelizzi G, Pelagatti P, Rogolino D, Tegoni M, Viappiani C (2003) Synthesis and spectroscopic and structural characterization of two novel photoactivatable Ca2+ compounds. Inorg Chem 42:5871–5879
Bain JD, Glabe CG, Dix TA, Chamberlin AR, Diala ES (1989) Biosynthetic site-specific incorporation of a non-natural amino acid into a polypeptide. J Am Chem Soc 111:8013–8014
Bakalova R, Zhelev Z, Jose R, Nagase T, Ohba H, Ishikawa M, Baba Y (2005) Role of free cadmium and selenium ions in the potential mechanism for the enhancement of photoluminescence of CdSe quantum dots under ultraviolet irradiation. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 5:887–894
Bakalova R, Zhelev Z, Aoki I, Ohba H, Imai Y, Kanno I (2006) Silica-shelled single quantum dot micelles as imaging probes with dual or multimodality. Anal Chem 78:5925–5932
Banghart M, Borges K, Isacoff E, Trauner D, Kramer RH (2004) Light-activated ion channels for remote control of neuronal firing. Nature Neurosci 12:1381–1386
Bayley H (2006) Sequencing single molecules of DNA. Curr Opin Chem Biol 10:628–637
Beale H, Hooley R, Smith SJ, Walker RP (1992) Photoaffinity probes for gibberellin-binding proteins. Phytochemistry 31:1459–1464
Berg K, Selbo K, Prasmickaite L, Tjelle TE, Sandvig K, Moan J, Gaudernack G, Fodstad Ø, Kjølsrud S, Anholt H, Rodal GH, Rodal SK, Høgset A (1999) Photochemical internalization: a novel technology for delivery of macromolecules into cytosol. Cancer Res 59:1180–1183
Betzig E, Chichester RJ (1992) Near-field optics: microscopy, spectroscopy, and surface modification beyond the diffraction limit. Science 257:189–195
Björn LO, Holmgren B (1996). Monitoring and modelling of the radiation climate. Abisko. Ecol. Bull. 45:204–209
Blanck SM, Mehl RA (2006) Systematic study of protein interfaces with genetically incorporated photocrosslinking amino acid, p-benzoylphenylalanine. Abstr Papers Am Chem Soc 231, 794
Boatman EM, Lisensky GC, Nordell KJ (2005) A safer, easier, faster synthesis for CdSe quantum dot nanocrystals. J Chem Educ 82:1697–1699
Bouldin KK, Menzel ER, Takatsu M, Murdock RH (2000) Diimide-enhanced fingerprint detection with photoluminescent CdS/dendrimer nanocomposites. J Forensic Sci 45:1239–1242
Boyden ES, Zhang F, Bamberg E, Nagel G, Deisseroth K (2005) Millisecond time-scale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity. Nature Neurosci 8:1263–1268
Brunner J (1993) New photolabeling and crosslinking methods. Annu Rev Biochem 62:483–514
Brus LE (1984) Electron-electron and electron-hole interactions in small semiconductor crystallites: the size dependence of the lowest excited electronic state. J Chem Phys 80:4403–4409
Cademartiri L, Montanari E, Calestani G, Migliori A, Guagliardi A, Ozin GA (2006) Size-dependent extinction coefficients of PbS quantum dots. J Am Chem Soc 128:10337–10346
Callaway EM, Katz LC (1993) Photostimulation using caged glutamate reveals functional circuitry in living brain cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:7661–7665
Chalfie M, Tu Y, Euskirchen G, Ward WW, Prashier DC (1994) Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene-expression. Science 263:802–805
Chambers JJ, Banghart MR, Trauner D, Kramer RH (2006) Light-induced depolarization of neurons using a modified shaker K+ channel and a molecular photo- switch. J Neurophysiol 96:2792–2796
Chan PM, Yuen T, Ruf F, Gonzalez-Maeso J, Sealfon SC (2005) Method for multiplex cellular detection of mRNAs using quantum dot fluorescent in situ hybridization. Nucleic Acids Res 33:E161
Chandra B, Subramaniam R, Mallik S, Srivastava DK (2006) Formulation of photocleavable liposomes and the mechanism of their content release. Org Biomol Chem 4:1730–1740
Chandrasekhar, S. (1947) The transfer of radiation in stellar atmospheres. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 53, 641-711. Open access from http://projecteuclid.org/download/pdf_1/euclid.bams/1183510860
Chen D, Gibson ES, Kennedy MJ (2013) A light-triggered protein secretion system. J Cell Biol 201:631–640
Chin JW, Martin AB, King DS, Wang L, Schultz PG (2002) Addition of a photocrosslinking amino acid to the genetic code of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:11020–11024
Chu MQ, Song X, Cheng D, Liu SP, Zhu J (2006) Preparation of quantum dot-coated magnetic polystyrene nanospheres for cancer cell labelling and separation. Nanotechnology 17:3268–3273
Cotlet M, Goodwin PM, Waldo GS, Werner JH (2006) A comparison of the fluorescence dynamics of single molecules of a green fluorescent protein: one- versus two-photon excitation. Chem Phys Chem 7:250–260
Crut A, Géron-Landre B, Bonnet I, Bonneau S, Desbiolles P, Escude C (2005) Detection of single DNA molecules by multicolor quantum-dot end-labeling. Nucleic Acids Res 33:e98
Dacke M, Baird E, Byrne M, Scholtz, CH, Warrant EJ (2013) Dung beetles use the milky way for orientation. Curr Biol 23:298–300
Danuser G, Waterman-Storer CM (2006) Quantitative fluorescent speckle microscopy of cytoskeleton dynamics. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 35:361–387
Deisseroth K (2011) Optogenetics. Nat Methods 8:26–29
Demeshkina NA, Laletina ES, Meschaninova MI, Repkova MN, Ven’yaminova AG, Graifer DM, Karpova GG (2003) The mRNA codon environment at the P and E sites of human ribosomes deduced from photocrosslinking with pUUUGUU derivatives. Mol Biol 37:132–139 [Transl. from Molekulyarnaya Biologiya, Vol. 37, 147–155]
Deng D-W, Yu J-S, Pan Y (2006) Water-soluble CdSe and CdSe/CdS nanocrystals: a greener synthetic route. J Colloid Interface Sci 299:225–232
Derfus AM, Chan WCW, Bhatia SN (2004) Probing the cytotoxicity of semiconductor quantum dots. Nano Lett 4:11–18
Donega CD, Hickey SG, Wuister SF, Vanmaekelbergh D, Meijerink AJ (2003) Single-step synthesis to control the photoluminescence quantum yield and size dispersion of CdSe nanocrystals. Phys Chem B 2003(107):489–496
Donnert G, Keller K, Medda R, Andrei MA, Rizzoli SO, Lührmann R, Jahn R, Eggeling C, Hell SW (2006) Macromolecular-scale resolution in biological fluorescence microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:11440–11445
Dorman CJ (2007) Probing bacterial nucleoid structure with optical tweezers. BioEssays 29:212–216
Dormán G, Prestwich GD (1994) Benzophenone photophores in biochemistry. Biochemistry 33:5561–5673
Doroudchi MM, Greenberg KP, Liu J, Silka KA, Boyden ES, Lockridge JA, Arman AC, Janani R, Boye SE, Boye SL, Gordon GM, Matteo BC, Sampath AP, Hauswirth WW, Alan Horsager A (2011) Virally delivered channelrhodopsin-2 safely and effectively restores visual function in multiple mouse models of blindness. Molec Ther 19:1220–1229
Du W, Wang Y, Qingming Luo Q, Liu B-F (2006) Optical molecular imaging for systems biology: from molecule to organism. Anal Bioanal Chem 386:444–457
Eisenman LN, Shu H-J, Akk G, Wang C, Manion BD, Kress GJ, Evers AS, Steinbach JH, Covey DF, Zorumski CF, Mennerick S (2007) Anticonvulsant and anaesthetic effects of a fluorescent neurosteroid analog activated by visible light. Nature Neurosci 10:523–530
Elowitz MB, Surette MG, Wolf PE, Stock J, Leibler S (1997) Photoactivation turns green fluorescent protein red. Curr Biol 7:809–812
Folgering JHA, Kuiper JM, de Vries AH, Engberts JBFN, Poolman B (2004) Lipid-mediated light activation of a mechanosensitive channel of large conductance. Langmuir 20:6985–6987
Fricker M, Runions J, Moore I (2006) Quantitative fluorescence microscopy: from art to science. Annu Rev Plant Biol 57:79–107
Geyer H, Geyer R, Pingoud V (2004) A novel strategy for the identification of protein–DNA contacts by photocrosslinking and mass spectrometry. Nucleic Acids Res 32:e132
Ghosn B, Haselton FR, Gee KR, Monroe WT (2005) Control of DNA hybridization with photocleavable adducts. Photochem Photobiol 81:953–959
Grier DG, Roichman Y (2006) Holographic optical trapping. Appl Optics 45:880–887
Gronemeyer H, Pongs O (1980) Localization of ecdysterone on polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 77:2108–2112
Habuchi S, Cotlet M, Gensch T, Bednarz T, Haber-Pohlmeier S, Rozenski J, Dirix G, Michiels J, Vanderleyden J, Heberle J, De Schryver FC, Hofkens J (2005) Evidence for the isomerization and decarboxylation in the photoconversion of the red fluorescent protein DsRed. J Am Chem Soc 127:8977–8984
Hammer NI, Early KT, Sill K, Odoi MY, Emrick T, Barnes MD (2006) Coverage-mediated suppression of blinking in solid state quantum dot conjugated organic composite nanostructures. J Phys Chem B 2006(110):14167–14171
Hardman R (2006) A toxicologic review of quantum dots: toxicity depends on physicochemical and environmental factors. Environ Health Perspect 114:165–172
Heim R (1994) Wavelength mutations and posttranslational autooxidation of green fluorescent protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:12501–12504
Hino M, Okazaki Y, Kobayashi T, Hayashi A, Sakamoto K, Yokoyama S (2005) Protein photo-crosslinking in mammalian cells by site-specific incorporation of a photo-active amino acid. Nat Methods 2:201–206
Høgset A, Prasmickaite L, Selbob P-K, Hellumb M, Engesæter BØ, Bonsted A, Berg K (2004) Photochemical internalisation in drug and gene delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 56:95–115
Hornberg C, Weiler EW (1984) High-affinity binding-sites for abscisic acid on the plasmalemma of Vicia faba guard cells. Nature 310:321–324
Hoshino A, Fujioka K, Oku T, Nakamura S, Suga M, Yamaguchi Y, Suzuki K, Yashara M, Yamamoto K (2004) Quantum dots targeted to the assigned organelle in living cells. Micobiol Immunol 48:985–994
Hu FQ, Ran YL, Zhou ZA, Gao MY (2006) Preparation of bioconjugates of CdTe nanocrystals for cancer marker detection. Nanotechnology 17:2972–2977
Huang J, Xudong Wang X, Wang ZL (2006) Controlled replication of butterfly wings for achieving tunable photonic properties. Nano Lett 6:2325–2331
Jiang J, Gill BS (2006) Current status and the future of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in plant genome research. Genome 49:1057–1068
Jiang P, Yamauchi K, Yang M, Tsuji K, Xu MX, Maitra A, Bouvet M, Hoffman RM (2006) Tumor cells genetically labeled with GFP in the nucleus and RFP in the cytoplasm for imaging cellular dynamics. Cell Cycle 5:1198–1201
Jorgenson JW, Lukacs KD (1981) Zone electrophoresis in open-tubular glass capillaries. Anal Chem 53:1298–1302
Kim MS, Diamond SL (2006) Photocleavage of o-nitrobenzyl ether derivatives for rapid biomedical release applications. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 16:4007–4010
Kippeny T, Swafford LA, Rosenthal SJ (2002) Semiconductor nanocrystals: a powerful visual aid for introducing the particle in a box. J Chem Edu 79:1094–1100
Klostranec JM, Chan CW (2006) Quantum dots in biological and biomedical research: recent progress and present challenges. Adv Mater 2006(18):1953–1964
Koçer A, Walko M, Meijberg W, Feringa BL (2005) A light-actuated nanovalve derived from a channel protein. Science 309:755–758
Krieg A, Ruckstuhl T, Seeger S (2006) Towards single-molecule DNA sequencing: assays with low nonspecific adsorption. Anal Biochem 349:181–185
Krüger R, Kübler D, Pallissé R, Burkovski A, Lehmann WD (2006) Protein and proteome phosphorylation stoichiometry analysis by element mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 78:1987–1994
Lagerholm BC, Averett L, Weinreb GE, Jacobson K, Thompson NL (2006) Analysis method for measuring submicroscopic distances with blinking quantum dots. Biophys J 91:3050–3060
Lester HA, Krouse ME, Nass MM, Wassermann NH, Erlanger BF (1980) A covalently bound photoisomerizable agonist. Comparison with reversibly bound agonists at electrophorus electroplaques. J Gen Physiol 75:207–232
Lewis EK, Haaland WC, Nguyen F, Heller DA, Allen MJ, MacGregor RR, Berger CS, Willingham B, Burns LA, Scott GBI, Kittrell C, Johnson BR, Curl RF, Metzker ML (2005) Color-blind fluorescence detection for four-color DNA sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:5346–5351
Li X, Gutierrez DV, Hanson MG, Han J, Mark MD, Chiel H, Hegemann P, Landmesser LT, Herlitze S (2005) Fast noninvasive activation and inhibition of neural and network activity by vertebrate rhodopsin and green algae channelrhodopsin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:17816–17821
Li ZH, Wang KM, Tan WH, Li J, Fu ZY, Ma CB, Li HM, He XX, Liu JB (2006) Immunofluorescent labeling of cancer cells with quantum dots synthesized in aqueous solution. Anal Biochem 354:169–174
Loudon R, Barnett SM (2006) Theory of the radiation pressure on dielectric slabs, prisms and single surfaces. Opt Express 14:11855–11869
Lukianova-Hleb EY, Volkov AN, Wu X, Lapotko DO (2013) Transient enhancement and spectral narrowing of the photothermal effect of plasmonic nanoparticles under pulsed excitation. Adv Mater 25:772–776
Lukianova-Hleb EY, Campbell KM, Constantinou PE, Braam J, Olson JS, Ware RE, Sullivan DJ Jr, Lapotko DO (2014) Hemozoin-generated vapor nanobubbles for transdermal reagent- and needle-free detection of malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:900–905
Lukyanov KA, Chudakov DM, Lukyanov S, Verkhusha VV (2005) Photoactivable fluorescent proteins. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:885–891
Marriott G, Roy P, Jacobson K (2003) Preparation and light-directed activation of caged proteins. Meth Enzymol 360:274–288
Marshall P, Heudi O, Bains S, Freeman HN, Abou-Shakra F, Reardon, K (2002) The determination of protein phosphorylation on electrophoresis gel blots by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Analyst 2:459–461
McBride J, Treadway J, Feldman LC, Pennycook SJ, Rosenthal SJ (2006) Structural basis for near unity quantum yield core/shell nanostructures. Nano Lett 6:1496–1501
Medintz IL, Uyeda HT, Goldman ER, Mattoussi H (2005) Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing. Nat Mater 4:435–446
Menzel ER, Savoy SM, Ulvick SJ, Cheng KH, Murdock RH, Sudduth MR (2000) Photoluminescent semiconductor nanocrystals for fingerprint detection. J Forens Sci 45:545–551
Metzker ML (2005) Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing. Genome Res 15:1767–1776
Michalet X, Pinaud FF, Bentolila LA, Tsay JM, Doose S, Li JJ, Sundaresan G, Wu AM, Gambhir SS, Weiss S (2005) Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics. Science 307:538–544
Moan J, Berg K (1991) The photodegradation of porphyrins in cells can be used to estimate the lifetime of singlet oxygen. Photochem Photobiol 53:549–553
Mori H, Ito K (2006) Different modes of SecY–SecA interactions revealed by site-directed photo-crosslinking in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:16159–16164
Natasha G, Tan A, Farhatnia Y, Rajadas J, Hamblin MR, Peng T, Khaw PT, Seifalian AM (2013) Channelrhodopsins: visual regeneration and neural activation by a light switch. New Biotechnol 30:461–474
Ndoye A, Dolivet G, Høgset A, Leroux A, Fifre A, Erbacher P, Berg K, Behró J-P, Guillemin F, Merlin J-L (2006) Eradication of p53-mutated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma xenografts using nonviral p53 gene therapy and photochemical internalization. Mol Ther 13:1156–1162
Nechyporuk-Zloy V, Stock C, Schillers H, Oberleithner H, Schwab A (2006) Single plasma membrane K+channel detection by using dual-color quantum dot labeling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 291:266–269
Nelson T, Tausta SL, Gandotra N, Liu T (2006) Laser dissection of plant tissue: what you see is what you get. Annu Rev Plant Biol 57:181–201
Nida DL, Rahman MS, Carlson KD, Richards-Kortum R, Follen M (2005) Fluorescent nanocrystals for use in early cervical cancer detection. Gynecol Oncol 99(Suppl 1):S89–S94
O’Connell KMS, Rolig AS, Whitesell JD, Tamkun MM (2006) Kv2.1 Potassium channels are retained within dynamic cell surface microdomains that are defined by a perimeter fence. J Neurosci 26:9609–9618
Packer AM, Botond Roska B, Häusser M (2013) Targeting neurons and photons for optogenetics. Nature Neurosci 16:805–815
Paige JS, Nguyen-Duc T, Song W, Jaffrey SR (2012) Fluorescence imaging of cellular metabolites with RNA. Science 335:1194
Park TJ, Park JP, Seo GM, Chai YG, Lee SY (2006) Rapid and accurate detection of Bacillus anthracis spores using peptide-quantum dot conjugates. J Microbiol Biotechnol 16:1713–1719
Paterson L, Papagiakoumou E, Milne G, Garcés-Chávez V, Tatarkova SA, Sibbett W, Gunn-Moore FJ, Bryant PE, Riches AC, Dholakia K (2005) Light-induced cell separation in a tailored optical landscape. Appl Phys Lett 87:123901
Peterman EJG, Brasselet S, Moerner WE (1999) The fluorescence dynamics of single molecules of green fluorescent protein. J Phys Chem A 103:10553–10560
Peterson DS (2007) Matrix-free methods for laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom Rev 26:19–34
Petersson EJ, Brandt GS, Zacharias NM, Dougherty DA, Lester HA (2003) Caging proteins through unnatural amino acid mutagenesis. Meth Enzymol 360:258–273
Ramanathan A, Huff EJ, Lamers CC, Potamousis KD, Forrest DK, Schwartz DC (2004) An integrative approach for the optical sequencing of single DNA molecules. Anal Biochem 330:227–241
Raymond FR, Ho HA, Peytavi R, Bissonnette L, Boissinot M, Picard FJ, Leclerc M, Bergeron MG (2005) Detection of target DNA using fluorescent cationic polymer and peptide nucleic acid probes on solid support. BMC Biotechn 5, Art. No. 10
Rosetti R, Nakahara S, Brus LE (1982) Quantum size effects in the redox potentials, resonance Raman spectra, and electronic spectra of CdS crystallites in aqueous solution. J Chem Phys 79:1086–1088
Schaltmann K, Pongs O (1982) Identification and characterization of the ecdysterone receptor in Drosophila melanogaster by photoaffinity labeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 79:6–10
Schroll C, Riemensperger T, Bucher D, Ehmer J, Völler T, Erbguth K, Berber G, Hendel T, Nagel G, Buchner E, Fiala A (2006) Light-induced activation of distinct modulatory neurons triggers appetitive or aversive learning in Drosophila larvae. Curr Biol 16:1741–1747
Seo TS, Bai X, Kim DH, Meng Q, Shi S, Ruparel H, Li Z, Turro NJ, Ju J (2005) Four-color DNA sequencing by synthesis on a chip using photocleavable fluorescent nucleotides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:5926–5931
Shkrob MA, Yanushevich YG, Chudakov DM, Gurskaya NG, Labas YA, Poponov SY, Mudrik NN, Lukyanov S, Lukyanov KA (2005) Far-red fluorescent proteins evolved from a blue chromoprotein from Actinia equina. Biochem J 392:649–654
Simpson GJ (2006) The diffraction barrier broken. Nature 440:879–880
So M-K, Xu C, Loening AM, Gambhir SS, Rao J (2006) Self-illuminating quantum dot conjugates for in vivo imaging. Nature Biotechnol 24:339–343
Stiller B, Karageirgiev P, Geue T, Morawetz K, Saphiannikova M, Mechau N, Neher D (2004) Optically induced mass transport studied by scanning near-field optical- and atomic force microscopy. Physics Low Dimens Struct 1–2:129–137
Swamy N, Addo JK, Ray R (2000) Development of an affinity-driven crosslinker: Isolation of a vitamin D receptor associated factor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 10:361–364
Synge EH (1928) A suggested method for extending microscopic resolution into the ultra-microscopic region. Phil Mag 6:356–362
Todoroki Y, Tanaka T, Kisamori M, Hirai N (2001) 3-Azidoabscissic acid as a photoaffinity reagent for abscisic acid binding proteins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 11:2381–2384
Torimoto T, Murakami S, Sakuraoka M, Iwasaki K, Okazaki K, Shibayama T, Ohtani B (2006) Photochemical fine-tuning of luminescent color of cadmium selenide nanoparticles: fabricating a single-source multicolor luminophore. J Phys Chem 110:13314–13318
Tsien RY (1998) The green fluorescent protein. Annu Rev Biochem 67:509–544
Verkhusha VV, Lukyanov KA (2004) The molecular properties and applications of Anthozoa fluorescent proteins and chromoproteins. Nature Biotechnol 22:289–296
Viviani VR (1999) Cloning, sequence analysis, and expression of active Phrixothrix railroad-worms luciferases: relationship between bioluminescence spectra and primary structures. Biochemistry 38:8271–8279
Wang LV (2009) Multiscale photoacoustic microscopy and computed tomography. Nat Photonics 3:503–509
Wang LV, Hu S (2012) Photoacoustic tomography: In vivo imaging from organelles to organs. Science 335:1458–1462. doi:10.1126/science.1216210
Wang QB, Seo DK (2006) Synthesis of deep-red-emitting CdSe quantum dots and general non-inverse-square behavior of quantum confinement in CdSe quantum dots. Chem Mater 18:5764–5767
Wang L, Brock A, Herberich B, Schultz PG (2001) Expanding the genetic code of Escherichia coli. Science 292:498–500
Werner JH, Cai H, Jett JH, Reha-Krantz L, Keller RA, Goodwin PM (2003) Progress towards single-molecule DNA sequencing: a one color demonstration. J Biotechnol 102:1–14
Winkler LD, Arceo JF, Hughes WC, DeGraff BA, Augustine BH (2005) Quantum dots: an experiment for physical or materials chemistry. J Chem Educ 82:1700–1702
Wittelsberger A, Thomas BE, Mierke DF, Rosenblatt M (2006) Methionine acts as a “magnet” in photoaffinity crosslinking experiments. FEBS Lett 580:1872–1876
Xie J, Schultz PG (2005) Adding amino acids to the genetic repertoire. Curr Opin Chem Biol 9:548–554
Xie J, Schultz PG (2006) A chemical toolkit for proteins an expanded genetic code. Nature Rev Mol Cell Biol 7:775–782
Xu WB, Wang YX, Xu RH, Yin DZ (2006) Synthesis, modification and application in biology of quantum dots (in Chinese). J Inorg Mater 21:1031–1037
Yeh H-C, Ho Y-P, Shih I-M, Wang T-H (2006) Homogeneous point mutation detection by quantum dot-mediated two-color fluorescence coincidence analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 34:e35
Zhang F, Wang LP, Boyden ES, Deisseroth K (2006) Channelrhodopsin-2 and optical control of excitable cells. Nat Methods 3:785–792
Zheng J, Nicovich PR, Dickson RM (2007) Highly fluorescent noble-metal quantum dots. Annu Rev Phys Chem 58:409–431
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Björn, L.O. (2015). Light as a Tool for Biologists: Recent Developments. In: Björn, L. (eds) Photobiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1468-5_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1468-5_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1467-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1468-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)