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Neuroprotection Versus Neurotoxicity

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Microglia in Health and Disease

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Abstract

Several original concepts concerning microglia have changed in the last decade. Ramified microglia are no longer seen to be “resting” cells and it also is very obvious today that microglia responses are by no means stereotypic, but manifold and targeted. Moreover, there is good evidence that microglia are not only important in brain pathology, but that they also play important roles in the healthy brain. One long-standing aspect of microglia biology, however, was never questioned: their involvement in brain disease. Based on morphological changes (retraction of processes and amoeboid shape) that inevitably occur in these cells in case of damage to the central nervous system, microglia in the diseased brain were called “activated”. Because “activated” microglia were always found in direct neighbourhood to dead or dying neurons, and since it is known now for more than 20 years that cultured microglia release numerous factors that are able to kill neurons, microglia “activation” was often seen as neurotoxic. From an evolutionary point of view, however, it is difficult to understand why an important, mostly post-mitotic and highly vulnerable organ like the brain would host numerous toxic cells. How microglia can protect the nervous tissue and what might go awry when microglia turn neurotoxic will be discussed in this chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Psychiatry, University Hospital Freiburg, Hauptstr. 5, Freiburg, 79104, Germany

    Knut Biber Ph.D.

  2. Department of Neurosciences, University Medical Center Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AV, The Netherlands

    Knut Biber Ph.D.

  3. Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical Campus, 1101 East Marshall Street Sanger Hall 9-048, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA

    Michelle L. Block Ph.D.

  4. Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine and The Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS-5022, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA

    Michelle L. Block Ph.D.

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  1. Knut Biber Ph.D.
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  2. Michelle L. Block Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Knut Biber Ph.D. or Michelle L. Block Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du, CHU de Québec, and Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada

    Marie-Ève Tremblay

  2. Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, EHU/UPV, Ikerbasque Foundation, Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain

    Amanda Sierra

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Biber, K., Block, M.L. (2014). Neuroprotection Versus Neurotoxicity. In: Tremblay, MÈ., Sierra, A. (eds) Microglia in Health and Disease. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1429-6_6

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