Abstract
Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a relatively new and promising minimally invasive technique for vaccination. It involves topical delivery of vaccines to immune cells residing in the skin. The skin is the largest immune organ (total surface area of 1.8 m2) and contains a diverse array of immune cells including Langerhans cells (LCs) and dermal dendritic cells (DDCs). This creates the potential for TCI to be an excellent alternative to traditional vaccination methods. Due to the promise of this approach numerous preclinical animal studies and limited human studies have been carried out utilizing TCI (some of which will be summarized in this review) and it is surely only a matter of time until such products reach the market.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Ainbinder D, Touitou E (2005) Testosterone ethosomes for enhanced transdermal delivery. Drug Deliv 12(5):297–303. doi:10.1080/10717540500176910
Akhtar N (2011) Penetration enhancing effect of polysorbate 20 and 80 on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of L-ascorbic acid. Trop J Pharm Res 10(3):281–288. doi:10.4314/tjpr.v10i3.1
Arsic I, Vuleta G (1999) Influence of liposomes on the stability of vitamin a incorporated in polyacrylate hydrogel. Int J Cosmet Sci 21(4):219–225. doi:10.1046/j.1467-2494.1999.181682.x
Aylward B, Lloyd J, Zaffran M, Mcnairscott R, Evans P (1995) Reducing the risk of unsafe injections in immunization programs—financial and operational implications of various injection technologies. Bull World Health Organ 73(4):531–540
Bal S, Ding Z, Kersten GA, Jiskoot W, Bouwstra J (2010a) Microneedle-based transcutaneous immunisation in mice with N-trimethyl chitosan adjuvanted diphtheria toxoid formulations. Pharm Res 27(9):1837–1847. doi:10.1007/s11095-010-0182-y
Bal SM, Ding Z, van Riet E, Jiskoot W, Bouwstra JA (2010b) Advances in transcutaneous vaccine delivery: do all ways lead to Rome? J Control Release 148(3):266-282; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.09.018
Bal SM, Slütter B, Jiskoot W, Bouwstra JA (2011) Small is beautiful: N-trimethyl chitosan–ovalbumin conjugates for microneedle-based transcutaneous immunisation. Vaccine 29(23):4025–4032. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.039
Bal SM, Slütter B, Verheul R, Bouwstra JA, Jiskoot W (2012) Adjuvanted, antigen loaded N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles for nasal and intradermal vaccination: adjuvant- and site-dependent immunogenicity in mice. Eur J Pharm Sci 45(4):475–481; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2011.10.003
Barry BW (2001) Novel mechanisms and devices to enable successful transdermal drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 14(2):101–114
Bender J, Simonsson C, Smedh M, Engstrom S, Ericson MB (2008) Lipid cubic phases in topical drug delivery: visualization of skin distribution using two-photon microscopy. J Control Release 129(3):163–169. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.04.020
Benson HA (2006) Transfersomes for transdermal drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 3(6):727–737. doi:10.1517/17425247.3.6.727
Betz G, Aeppli A, Menshutina N, Leuenberger H (2005) In vivo comparison of various liposome formulations for cosmetic application. Int J Pharm 296(1–2):44–54. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.02.032
Birchall J, Clemo R, Anstey A, John D (2011) Microneedles in clinical practice–an exploratory study into the opinions of healthcare professionals and the public. Pharm Res 28(1):95–106. doi:10.1007/s11095-010-0101-2
Bobr A, Olvera-Gomez I, Igyarto BZ, Haley KM, Hogquist KA, Kaplan DH (2010) Acute ablation of Langerhans cells enhances skin immune responses. J Immunol 185(8):4724–4728. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1001802
Boinpally RR, Zhou SL, Poondru S, Devraj G, Jasti BR (2003) Lecithin vesicles for topical delivery of diclofenac. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 56(3):389–392. doi:10.1016/S0939-6411(03)00143-7
Bolzinger M-A, Briançon S, Pelletier J, Chevalier Y (2012) Penetration of drugs through skin, a complex rate-controlling membrane. Curr Opin Coll Interface Sci 17(3):156–165. doi:10.1016/j.cocis.2012.02.001
Bos JD, Meinardi MMHM (2000) The 500 Dalton rule for the skin penetration of chemical compounds and drugs. Exp Dermatol 9(3):165–169
Bouwstra JA, de Vries MA, Gooris GS, Bras W, Brussee J, Ponec M (1991) Thermodynamic and structural aspects of the skin barrier. J Control Release 15(3):209–219. doi:10.1016/0168-3659(91)90112-q
Bouwstra JA, Honeywell-Nguyen PL, Gooris GS, Ponec M (2003) Structure of the skin barrier and its modulation by vesicular formulations. Prog Lipid Res 42(1):1–36
Boyd BJ (2003) Characterisation of drug release from cubosomes using the pressure ultrafiltration method. Int J Pharm 260(2):239–247. doi:10.1016/S0378-5173(03)00262-X
Brown MB, Martin GP, Jones SA, Akomeah FK (2006) Dermal and transdermal drug delivery systems: current and future prospects. Drug Deliv 13(3):175–187. doi:10.1080/10717540500455975
Brunel F, Darbouret A, Ronco J (1999) Cationic lipid DC-Chol induces an improved and balanced immunity able to overcome the unresponsiveness to the hepatitis B vaccine. Vaccine 17(17):2192–2203. doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00492-7
Bursch LS, Wang L, Igyarto B, Kissenpfennig A, Malissen B, Kaplan DH, Hogquist KA (2007a) Identification of a novel population of Langerin(+) dendritic cells. J Exp Med 204(13):3147–3156
Bursch LS, Wang L, Igyarto B, Kissenpfennig A, Malissen B, Kaplan DH, Hogquist KA (2007b) Identification of a novel population of Langerin+ dendritic cells. J Exp Med 204(13):3147–3156. doi:10.1084/jem.20071966
Burton SA, Ng CY, Simmers R, Moeckly C, Brandwein D, Gilbert T, Johnson N, Brown K, Alston T, Prochnow G, Siebenaler K, Hansen K (2011) Rapid intradermal delivery of liquid formulations using a hollow microstructured array. Pharm Res 28(1):31–40. doi:10.1007/s11095-010-0177-8
Carey JB, Pearson FE, Vrdoljak A, McGrath MG, Crean AM, Walsh PT, Doody T, O’Mahony C, Hill AVS, Moore AC (2011) Microneedle array design determines the induction of protective memory CD8(+) T cell responses induced by a recombinant live malaria vaccine in mice. PLoS One 6(7):e22442. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022442
Castro GA, Ferreira LAM (2008) Novel vesicular and particulate drug delivery systems for topical treatment of acne. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 5(6):665–679. doi:10.1517/17425240802167092
Cevc G (1996) Transfersomes, liposomes and other lipid suspensions on the skin: permeation enhancement, vesicle penetration, and transdermal drug delivery. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 13(3–4):257–388
Cevc G, Blume G (1992) Lipid vesicles penetrate into intact skin owing to the transdermal osmotic gradients and hydration force. Biochim Biophys Acta 1104(1):226–232
Cevc G, Schatzlein A, Richardsen H (2002) Ultradeformable lipid vesicles can penetrate the skin and other semi-permeable barriers unfragmented. Evidence from double label CLSM experiments and direct size measurements. Biochim Biophy Acta 1564(1):21–30
Cevc G, Mazgareanu S, Rother M, Vierl U (2008) Occlusion effect on transcutaneous NSAID delivery from conventional and carrier-based formulations. Int J Pharm 359(1–2):190–197. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.04.005
Chen D, Colditz IG, Glenn GM, Tsonis CG (2002) Effect of transcutaneous immunization with co-administered antigen and cholera toxin on systemic and mucosal antibody responses in sheep. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 86(3–4):177–182
Chen X, Shah D, Kositratna G, Manstein D, Anderson RR, Wu MX (2012) Facilitation of transcutaneous drug delivery and vaccine immunization by a safe laser technology. J Control Release 159(1):43–51; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.002
Combadiere B, Mahe B (2008) Particle-based vaccines for transcutaneous vaccination. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 31(2–3):293–315. doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2007.07.015
Cosco D, Celia C, Cilurzo F, Trapasso E, Paolino D (2008) Colloidal carriers for the enhanced delivery through the skin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 5(7):737–755. doi:10.1517/17425247.5.7.737
Coudeville L, Brunot A, Szucs TD, Dervaux B (2005) The economic value of childhood varicella vaccination in France and Germany. Value Health 8(3):209–222
Davidsen J, Rosenkrands I, Christensen D, Vangala A, Kirby D, Perrie Y, Agger EM, Andersen P (2005) Characterization of cationic liposomes based on dimethyldioctadecylammonium and synthetic cord factor from M. tuberculosis (trehalose 6,6′-dibehenate)—a novel adjuvant inducing both strong CMI and antibody responses. Biochim Biophy Acta 1718(1–2):22–31. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2005.10.011
Dayan N, Touitou E (2000) Carriers for skin delivery of trihexyphenidyl HCl: ethosomes vs. liposomes. Biomaterials 21(18):1879–1885. doi:10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00063-6
Dearman RJ, Bhushan M, Cumberbatch M, Kimber I, Griffiths CEM (2004) Measurement of cytokine expression and Langerhans cell migration in human skin following suction blister formation. Exp Dermatol 13(7):452–460
Deshmukh DD, Ravis WR, Betageri GV (2008) Improved delivery of cromolyn from oral proliposomal beads. Int J Pharm 358(1–2):128–136. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.02.026
Díez-Sales O, Garrigues TM, Herráez JV, Belda R, Martín-Villodre A, Herráez M (2005) In vitro percutaneous penetration of acyclovir from solvent systems and Carbopol 971-P hydrogels: influence of propylene glycol. J Pharm Sci 94(5):1039–1047. doi:10.1002/jps.20317
Ding Z, Bal SM, Romeijn S, Kersten GFA, Jiskoot W, Bouwstra JA (2011) Transcutaneous immunization studies in mice using diphtheria toxoid-loaded vesicle formulations and a microneedle array. Pharm Res 28(1):145–158. doi:10.1007/s11095-010-0093-y
Donnelly RF, Majithiya R, Singh TRR, Morrow DIJ, Garland MJ, Demir YK, Migalska K, Ryan E, Gillen D, Scott CJ, Woolfson AD (2011) Design, optimization and characterisation of polymeric microneedle arrays prepared by a novel laser-based micromoulding technique. Pharm Res 28(1):41–57. doi:10.1007/s11095-010-0169-8
Dubey V, Mishra D, Nahar M, Jain NK (2007) Vesicles as tools for the modulation of skin permeability. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 4(6):579–593. doi:10.1517/17425247.4.6.579
El Maghraby GM, Barry BW, Williams AC (2008) Liposomes and skin: from drug delivery to model membranes. Eur J Pharm Sci 34(4–5):203–222. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2008.05.002
Elnekave M, Furmanov K, Nudel I, Arizon M, Clausen BE, Hovav A-H (2010) Directly transfected Langerin+ dermal dendritic cells potentiate CD8+ T cell responses following intradermal plasmid DNA Immunization. J Immunol 185(6):3463–3471. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1001825
Esposito E, Cortesi R, Drechsler M, Paccamiccio L, Mariani P, Contado C, Stellin E, Menegatti E, Bonina F, Puglia C (2005) Cubosome dispersions as delivery systems for percutaneous administration of indomethacin. Pharm Res 22(12):2163–2173. doi:10.1007/s11095-005-8176-x
Eyles JE, Elvin SJ, Westwood A, LeButt CS, Alpar HO, Somavarapu S, Williamson ED (2004) Immunisation against plague by transcutaneous and intradermal application of subunit antigens. Vaccine 22(31–32):4365–4373. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.02.049
Fang JY, Hung CF, Fang YP, Chan TF (2004) Transdermal iontophoresis of 5-fluorouracil combined with electroporation and laser treatment. Int J Pharm 270(1–2):241–249. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.10.025
Fang JY, Fang CL, Liu CH, Su YH (2008a) Lipid nanoparticles as vehicles for topical psoralen delivery: solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) versus nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). Eur J Pharm Biopharm 70(2):633–640. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.05.008
Fang YP, Tsai YH, Wu PC, Huang YB (2008b) Comparison of 5-aminolevulinic acid-encapsulated liposome versus ethosome for skin delivery for photodynamic therapy. Int J Pharm 356(1–2):144–152. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.01.020
Flacher V, Tripp CH, Stoitzner P, Haid B, Ebner S, Del Frari B, Koch F, Park CG, Steinman RM, Idoyaga J, Romani N (2010) Epidermal Langerhans cells rapidly capture and present antigens from C-type lectin-targeting antibodies deposited in the dermis. J Invest Dermatol 130(3):755–762. doi:10.1038/Jid.2009.343
Fuchs E, Raghavan S (2002) Getting under the skin of epidermal morphogenesis. Nat Rev Genet 3(3):199–209
Garçon N, Chomez P, Van Mechelen M (2007) GlaxoSmithKline adjuvant systems in vaccines: concepts, achievements and perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines 6(5):723–739
Gerstel MSPA, Place, CA, Virgil A (1976) Drug delivery device. United States, Palo Alto, CA. Patent 3964482
Ginhoux F, Tacke F, Angeli V, Bogunovic M, Loubeau M, Dai X-M, Stanley ER, Randolph GJ, Merad M (2006) Langerhans cells arise from monocytes in vivo. Nat Immunol 7(3):265–273; doi:http://www.nature.com/ni/journal/v7/n3/suppinfo/ni1307_S1.html
Glenn GM, Scharton-Kersten T, Vassell R, Matyas GR, Alving CR (1999) Transcutaneous immunization with bacterial ADP-ribosylating exotoxins as antigens and adjuvants. Infect Immun 67(3):1100–1106
Glenn GM, Kenney RT, Ellingsworth LR, Frech SA, Hammond SA, Zoeteweij JP (2003) Transcutaneous immunization and immunostimulant strategies: capitalizing on the immunocompetence of the skin. Expert Rev Vaccines 2(2):253–267. doi:10.1586/14760584.2.2.253
Gordon S, Young K, Wilson R, Rizwan S, Kemp R, Rades T, Hook S (2012) Chitosan hydrogels containing liposomes and cubosomes as particulate sustained release vaccine delivery systems. J Liposome Res 22(3):193–204. doi:10.3109/08982104.2011.637502
Gratieri T, Alberti I, Lapteva M, Kalia YN (2013) Next generation intra- and transdermal therapeutic systems: using non- and minimally-invasive technologies to increase drug delivery into and across the skin. Eur J Pharm Sci 18;50(5):609–222; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2013.03.019
Hadgraft J, Walters KA (1992) Skin penetration enhancers. In: Juninger HE (ed) Drug targeting and delivery. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, pp 169–177
Hallengard D, Brave A, Isaguliants M, Blomberg P, Enger J, Stout R, King A, Wahren B (2012) A combination of intradermal jet-injection and electroporation overcomes in vivo dose restriction of DNA vaccines. Genet Vaccines Ther 10(1):5–13. doi:10.1186/1479-0556-10-5
Han M, Kim DK, Kang SH, Yoon HR, Kim BY, Lee SS, Kim KD, Lee HG (2009) Improvement in antigen-delivery using fabrication of a grooves-embedded microneedle array. Sensors Actuators B Chem 137(1):274–280. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2008.11.017
Heard CM, Kung D, Thomas CP (2006) Skin penetration enhancement of mefenamic acid by ethanol and 1,8-cineole can be explained by the ‘pull’ effect. Int J Pharm 321(1–2):167–170. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.05.018
Henri S, Poulin LF, Tamoutounour S, Ardouin L, Guilliams M, de Bovis B, Devilard E, Viret C, Azukizawa H, Kissenpfennig A, Malissen B (2010) CD207+ CD103+ dermal dendritic cells cross-present keratinocyte-derived antigens irrespective of the presence of Langerhans cells. J Exp Med 207(1):189–206. doi:10.1084/jem.20091964
Henry S, McAllister DV, Allen MG, Prausnitz MR (1999) Microfabricated microneedles: a novel approach to transdermal drug delivery. J Pharm Sci 88(9):948. doi:10.1021/js990783q
Hirschberg H, van Kuijk S, Loch J, Jiskoot W, Bouwstra J, Kersten G, Amorij J-P (2012) A combined approach of vesicle formulations and microneedle arrays for transcutaneous immunization against hepatitis B virus. Eur J Pharm Sci 46(1–2):1–7. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2012.01.013
Holten-Andersen L, Doherty TM, Korsholm KS, Andersen P (2004) Combination of the cationic surfactant dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide and synthetic mycobacterial cord factor as an efficient adjuvant for tuberculosis subunit vaccines. Infect Immun 72(3):1608–1617. doi:10.1128/iai.72.3.1608-1617.2004
Honda T, Nakajima S, Egawa G, Ogasawara K, Malissen B, Miyachi Y, Kabashima K (2010) Compensatory role of Langerhans cells and langerin-positive dermal dendritic cells in the sensitization phase of murine contact hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125(5):1154–1156.e1152. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.005
Igyártó Botond Z, Haley K, Ortner D, Bobr A, Gerami-Nejad M, Edelson Brian T, Zurawski Sandra M, Malissen B, Zurawski G, Berman J, Kaplan Daniel H (2011) Skin-resident murine dendritic cell subsets promote distinct and opposing antigen-specific T helper cell responses. Immunity 35(2):260–272. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.06.005
Kahlon R, Dutz JP (2003) Skin immune responses to peptide and protein antigen are TLR4 independent. Cell Immunol 226(2):116–123. doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2003.11.007
Kai T, Mak VHW, Potts RO, Guy RH (1990) Mechanism of percutaneous penetration enhancement—effect of N-alkanols on the permeability barrier of hairless mouse skin. J Control Release 12(2):103–112
Kang EN, Wang HF, Kwon IK, Robinson J, Park K, Cheng JX (2006) In situ visualization of paclitaxel distribution and release by coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Anal Chem 78(23):8036–8043
Kaushik S, Hord AH, Denson DD, McAllister DV, Smitra S, Allen MG, Prausnitz MR (2001) Lack of pain associated with microfabricated microneedles. Anesth Analg 92(2):502–504
Kim YC, Quan FS, Compans RW, Kang SM, Prausnitz MR (2010) Formulation and coating of microneedles with inactivated influenza virus to improve vaccine stability and immunogenicity. J Control Release 142(2):187–195. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.10.013
Kim Y-C, Quan F-S, Compans R, Kang S-M, Prausnitz M (2011) Stability kinetics of influenza vaccine coated onto microneedles during drying and storage. Pharm Res 28(1):135–144. doi:10.1007/s11095-010-0134-6
Kim YC, Jarrahian C, Zehrung D, Mitragotri S, Prausnitz MR (2012a) Delivery systems for intradermal vaccination. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 351:77–112. doi:10.1007/82_2011_123
Kim YC, Park JH, Prausnitz MR (2012b) Microneedles for drug and vaccine delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2012.04.005
Kobayashi D, Matsuzawa T, Sugibayashi K, Morimoto Y, Kimura M (1994) Analysis of the combined effect of 1-menthol and ethanol as skin permeation enhancers based on a two-layer skin model. Pharm Res 11(1):96–103. doi:10.1023/a:1018953929457
Krueger GG, Stingl G (1989) Immunology inflammation of the skin—a 50-year perspective. J Invest Dermatol 92(4):S32–S51. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.Ep13074960
Kubo A, Nagao K, Yokouchi M, Sasaki H, Amagai M (2009) External antigen uptake by Langerhans cells with reorganization of epidermal tight junction barriers. J Exp Med 206(13):2937–2946. doi:10.1084/jem.20091527
Kumar A, Li XR, Sandoval MA, Rodriguez BL, Sloat BR, Cui ZR (2011) Permeation of antigen protein-conjugated nanoparticles and live bacteria through microneedle-treated mouse skin. Int J Nanomedicine 6:1253–64. doi:10.2147/Ijn.S20413
Kwon TK, Kim J-C (2010) Preparation and in vitro skin permeation of cubosomes containing hinokitiol. J Dispers Sci Technol 31(7):1004–1009. doi:10.1080/01932690903224862
Laddy DJ, Yan J, Khan AS, Andersen H, Cohn A, Greenhouse J, Lewis M, Manischewitz J, King LR, Golding H, Draghia-Akli R, Weiner DB (2009) Electroporation of synthetic DNA antigens offers protection in nonhuman Primates challenged with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. J Virol 83(9):4624–4630
Lambert PH, Laurent PE (2008) Intradermal vaccine delivery: will new delivery systems transform vaccine administration? Vaccine 26(26):3197–3208. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.03.095
Lampe MA, Burlingame AL, Whitney J, Williams ML, Brown BE, Roitman E, Elias PM (1983) Human stratum-corneum lipids—characterization and regional variations. J Lipid Res 24(2):120–130
Lee JW, Park J-H, Prausnitz MR (2008) Dissolving microneedles for transdermal drug delivery. Biomaterials 29(13):2113–2124. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.12.048
Lee K, Lee CY, Jung H (2011) Dissolving microneedles for transdermal drug administration prepared by stepwise controlled drawing of maltose. Biomaterials 32(11):3134–3140. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.01.014
Li N, Peng LH, Chen X, Nakagawa S, Gao JQ (2011) Effective transcutaneous immunization by antigen-loaded flexible liposome in vivo. Int J Nanomedicine 6:3241–3250
Liu X, Grice JE, Lademann J, Otberg N, Trauer S, Patzelt A, Roberts MS (2011) Hair follicles contribute significantly to penetration through human skin only at times soon after application as a solvent deposited solid in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 72(5):768–774. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04022.x
Lopes LB, Speretta FFF, Vitoria M, Bentley LB (2007) Enhancement of skin penetration of vitamin K using monoolein-based liquid crystalline systems. Eur J Pharm Sci 32(3):209–215. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2007.07.006
Madsen HB, Ifversen P, Madsen F, Brodin B, Hausser I, Nielsen HM (2009) In vitro cutaneous application of ISCOMs on human skin enhances delivery of hydrophobic model compounds through the stratum corneum. AAPS J 11(4):728–739. doi:10.1208/s12248-009-9149-5
Martin CJ, Allender CJ, Brain KR, Morrissey A, Birchall JC (2012) Low temperature fabrication of biodegradable sugar glass microneedles for transdermal drug delivery applications. J Control Release 158(1):93–101. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.10.024
Mattheolabakis G, Lagoumintzis G, Panagi Z, Papadimitriou E, Partidos CD, Avgoustakis K (2010) Transcutaneous delivery of a nanoencapsulated antigen: induction of immune responses. Int J Pharm 385(1–2):187–193; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.10.033
McAllister DV, Wang PM, Davis SP, Park J-H, Canatella PJ, Allen MG, Prausnitz MR (2003) Microfabricated needles for transdermal delivery of macromolecules and nanoparticles: fabrication methods and transport studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100(24):13755–13760. doi:10.1073/pnas.2331316100
Menon GK (2002) New insights into skin structure: scratching the surface. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54:S3–S17
Merad M, Ginhoux F, Collin M (2008) Origin, homeostasis and function of Langerhans cells and other langerin-expressing dendritic cells. Nat Rev Immunol 8(12):935–947. doi:10.1038/nri2455
Mezei M, Gulasekharam V (1980) Liposomes—a selective drug delivery system for the topical route of administration. Life Sci 26(18):1473–1477
Michaels AS, Chandrasekaran SK, Shaw JE (1975) Drug permeation through human skin: theory and in vitro experimental measurement. Am Inst Chem Eng J 21(5):985–996. doi:10.1002/aic.690210522
Miller MA, Pisani E (1999) The cost of unsafe injections. Bull World Health Organ 77(10):808–811
Mishra D (2010) Evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticles as carriers for delivery of Hepatitis B surface antigen for vaccination using subcutaneous route. J Pharm Pharm Sci 13(4):495
Mishra D, Dubey V, Asthana A, Saraf DK, Jain NK (2006) Elastic liposomes mediated transcutaneous immunization against Hepatitis B. Vaccine 24(22):4847–4855. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.011
Mishra D, Mishra PK, Dabadghao S, Dubey V, Nahar M, Jain NK (2010) Comparative evaluation of hepatitis B surface antigen-loaded elastic liposomes and ethosomes for human dendritic cell uptake and immune response. Nanomedicine 6(1):110–118. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2009.04.003
Mitsui H, Watanabe T, Saeki H, Mori K, Fujita H, Tada Y, Asahina A, Nakamura K, Tamaki K (2004) Differential expression and function of Toll-like receptors in Langerhans cells: comparison with splenic dendritic cells. J Invest Dermatol 122(1):95–102
Mittal A, Raber AS, Schaefer UF, Weissmann S, Ebensen T, Schulze K, Guzmán CA, Lehr C-M, Hansen S (2013) Non-invasive delivery of nanoparticles to hair follicles: A perspective for transcutaneous immunization. Vaccine 31(34):3442–3451; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.048
Morgen M, Lu GW, Du D, Stehle R, Lembke F, Cervantes J, Ciotti S, Haskell R, Smithey D, Haley K, Fan C (2011) Targeted delivery of a poorly water-soluble compound to hair follicles using polymeric nanoparticle suspensions. Int J Pharm 416(1):314–322. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.06.019
Morimoto Y, Wada Y, Seki T, Sugibayashi K (2002) In vitro skin permeation of morphine hydrochloride during the finite application of penetration-enhancing system containing water, ethanol and l-menthol. Biol Pharm Bull 25(1):134–136
Nestle FO, Di Meglio P, Qin JZ, Nickoloff BJ (2009) Skin immune sentinels in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 9(10):679–691
Nokhodchi A, Shokri J, Dashbolaghi A, Hassan-Zadeh D, Ghafourian T, Barzegar-Jalali M (2003) The enhancement effect of surfactants on the penetration of lorazepam through rat skin. Int J Pharm 250(2):359–369. doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00554-9
Norlen L, Al-Amoudi A (2004) stratum corneum keratin structure, function, and formation: the cubic rod-packing and membrane templating model. J Invest Dermatol 123(4):715–732; doi:http://www.nature.com/jid/journal/v123/n4/suppinfo/5602511s1.html
Obata Y, Takayama K, Maitani Y, Machida Y, Nagai T (1993) Effect of ethanol on skin permeation of nonionized and ionized diclofenac. Int J Pharm 89(3):191–198. doi:10.1016/0378-5173(93)90243-9
Ogiso T, Yamaguchi T, Iwaki M, Tanino T, Miyake Y (2001) Effect of positively and negatively charged liposomes on skin permeation of drugs. J Drug Target 9(1):49
O’Hagan DT, MacKichan ML, Singh M (2001) Recent developments in adjuvants for vaccines against infectious diseases. Biomol Eng 18(3):69–85
Otberg N, Richter H, Schaefer H, Blume-Peytavi U, Sterry W, Lademann J (2004) Variations of hair follicle size and distribution in different body sites. J Invest Dermatol 122(1):14–19. doi:10.1046/j.0022-202X.2003.22110.x
Paolino D, Lucania G, Mardente D, Alhaique F, Fresta M (2005) Ethosomes for skin delivery of ammonium glycyrrhizinate: In vitro percutaneous permeation through human skin and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity on human volunteers. J Control Release 106(1–2):99–110. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.04.007
Parhi R, Suresh P, Mondal S, Kumar PM (2012) Novel penetration enhancers for skin applications: a review. Curr Drug Deliv 9(2):219–230
Park JH, Allen MG, Prausnitz MR (2005) Biodegradable polymer microneedles: Fabrication, mechanics and transdermal drug delivery. J Control Release 104(1):51–66. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.02.002
Patzelt A, Richter H, Dähne L, Walden P, Wiesmüller K-H, Wank U, Sterry W, Lademann J (2011) Influence of the vehicle on the penetration of particles into hair follicles. Pharmaceutics 3(2):307–314
Paul A, Cevc G, Bachhawat BK (1998) Transdermal immunisation with an integral membrane component, gap junction protein, by means of ultradeformable drug carriers, transfersomes. Vaccine 16(2–3):188–195. doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00185-0
Pearton M, Kang S-M, Song J-M, Anstey AV, Ivory M, Compans RW, Birchall JC (2010) Changes in human Langerhans cells following intradermal injection of influenza virus-like particle vaccines. PLoS One 5(8):e12410. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012410
Prausnitz MR (2004) Microneedles for transdermal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 56(5):581–587. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2003.10.023
Proksch E, Jensen J-M (2008) Skin as an organ of protection. In: Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest GA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ, Wolff K (eds) Fitzpatrick’s dermatology in general medicine. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 383–95
Rattanapak T, Birchall J, Young K, Ishii M, Meglinski I, Rades T, Hook S (2013) Transcutaneous immunization using microneedles and cubosomes: Mechanistic investigations using Optical Coherence Tomography and Two-Photon Microscopy. J Control Release 172(3):894–903; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.08.018
Rizwan SB, Hanley T, Boyd BJ, Rades T, Hook S (2009) Liquid crystalline systems of phytantriol and glyceryl monooleate containing a hydrophilic protein: characterisation, swelling and release kinetics. J Pharm Sci 98(11):4191–4204. doi:10.1002/jps.21724
Romani N, Clausen BE, Stoitzner P (2010) Langerhans cells and more: langerin-expressing dendritic cell subsets in the skin. Immunol Rev 234(1):120–141. doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00886.x
Scharton-Kersten T, Glenn GM, Vassell R, Yu JM, Walwender D, Alving CR (1999) Principles of transcutaneous immunization using cholera toxin as an adjuvant. Vaccine 17:S37–S43
Scheiblhofer S, Thalhamer J, Weiss R (2013) Laser microporation of the skin: prospects for painless application of protective and therapeutic vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 10(6):761–773. doi:10.1517/17425247.2013.773970
Sharma BB, Jain SK, Vyas SP (1994) Topical liposome system bearing local-anesthetic lignocaine—preparation and evaluation. J Microencapsul 11(3):279–286
Shokri J, Nokhodchi A, Dashbolaghi A, Hassan-Zadeh D, Ghafourian T, Barzegar Jalali M (2001) The effect of surfactants on the skin penetration of diazepam. Int J Pharm 228(1–2):99–107. doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00805-5
Singh M, O’Hagan DT (2003) Recent advances in veterinary vaccine adjuvants. Int J Parasitol 33(5–6):469–478. doi:10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00053-5
Skountzou I, Quan FS, Jacob J, Compans RW, Kang SM (2006) Transcutaneous immunization with inactivated influenza virus induces protective immune responses. Vaccine 24(35–36):6110–6119. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.014
Slütter B, Plapied L, Fievez V, Alonso Sande M, des Rieux A, Schneider Y-J, Van Riet E, Jiskoot W, Préat V (2009) Mechanistic study of the adjuvant effect of biodegradable nanoparticles in mucosal vaccination. J Control Release 138(2):113–121; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.05.011
Slutter B, Bal S, Keijzer C, Mallants R, Hagenaars N, Que I, Kaijzel E, van Eden W, Augustijns P, Lowik C, Bouwstra J, Broere F, Jiskoot W (2010) Nasal vaccination with N-trimethyl chitosan and PLGA based nanoparticles: Nanoparticle characteristics determine quality and strength of the antibody response in mice against the encapsulated antigen. Vaccine 28(38):6282–6291. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.121
Slütter B, Soema PC, Ding Z, Verheul R, Hennink W, Jiskoot W (2010) Conjugation of ovalbumin to trimethyl chitosan improves immunogenicity of the antigen. J Control Release 143(2):207–214; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.01.007
Slütter B, Bal SM, Ding Z, Jiskoot W, Bouwstra JA (2011) Adjuvant effect of cationic liposomes and CpG depends on administration route. J Control Release 154(2):123–130; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.02.007
Stoecklinger A, Eticha TD, Mesdaghi M, Kissenpfennig A, Malissen B, Thalhamer J, Hammerl P (2011) Langerin+ dermal dendritic cells are critical for CD8+ T cell activation and IgH γ-1 class switching in response to gene gun vaccines. J Immunol 186(3):1377–1383. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1002557
Sullivan SP, Murthy N, Prausnitz MR (2008) Minimally invasive protein delivery with rapidly dissolving polymer microneedles. Adv Mater 20(5):933. doi:10.1002/adma.200701205
Sznitowska M, Janicki S, Williams AC (1998) Intracellular or intercellular localization of the polar pathway of penetration across stratum corneum. J Pharm Sci 87(9):1109–1114. doi:10.1021/js980018w
Takeuchi Y, Yasukawa H, Yamaoka Y, Kato Y, Morimoto Y, Fukumori Y, Fukuda T (1992) Effects of fatty acids, fatty amines and propylene glycol on rat stratum corneum lipids and proteins in vitro measured by Fourier transform infrared/attenuated total reflection (FT-IR/ATR) spectroscopy. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 40(7):1887–1892
Torchilin VP (1996) Liposomes as delivery agents for medical imaging. Mol Med Today 2(6):242–249. doi:10.1016/1357-4310(96)88805-8
Touitou E, Dayan N, Bergelson L, Godin B, Eliaz M (2000) Ethosomes—novel vesicular carriers for enhanced delivery: characterization and skin penetration properties. J Control Release 65(3):403–418
Touitou E, Godin B, Dayan N, Weiss C, Piliponsky A, Levi-Schaffer F (2001) Intracellular delivery mediated by an ethosomal carrier. Biomaterials 22(22):3053–3059
Valladeau J, Ravel O, Dezutter-Dambuyant C, Moore K, Kleijmeer M, Liu Y, Duvert-Frances V, Vincent C, Schmitt D, Davoust J, Caux C, Lebecque S, Saeland S (2000) Langerin, a novel C-type lectin specific to Langerhans cells, is an endocytic receptor that induces the formation of Birbeck granules. Immunity 12(1):71–81
Verma P, Pathak K (2010) Therapeutic and cosmeceutical potential of ethosomes: an overview. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 1(3):274–282. doi:10.4103/0110-5558.72415
Wang L, Bursch LS, Kissenpfennig A, Malissen B, Jameson SC, Hogquist KA (2008) Langerin expressing cells promote skin immune responses under defined conditions. J Immunol 180(7):4722–4727
Weiss R, Hessenberger M, Kitzmüller S, Bach D, Weinberger EE, Krautgartner WD, Hauser-Kronberger C, Malissen B, Boehler C, Kalia YN, Thalhamer J, Scheiblhofer S (2012) Transcutaneous vaccination via laser microporation. J Control Release 162(2):391–399; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.06.031
You S-K, Noh Y-W, Park H-H, Han M, Lee SS, Shin S-C, Cho C-W (2010) Effect of applying modes of the polymer microneedle-roller on the permeation of l-ascorbic acid in rats. J Drug Target 18(1):15–20. doi:10.3109/10611860903115274
Young SL, Wilson M, Wilson S, Beagley KW, Ward V, Baird MA (2006) Transcutaneous vaccination with virus-like particles. Vaccine 24(26):5406–5412; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.052
Yu J, Kalaria DR, Kalia YN (2011) Erbium:YAG fractional laser ablation for the percutaneous delivery of intact functional therapeutic antibodies. J Control Release 156(1):53–59; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.07.024
Zaric M, Lyubomska O, Touzelet O, Poux C, Al-Zahrani S, Fay F, Wallace L, Terhorst D, Malissen B, Henri S, Power UF, Scott CJ, Donnelly RF, Kissenpfennig A (2013) Skin dendritic cell targeting via microneedle arrays laden with antigen encapsulated poly-D-L-lactide-co-glycolide nanoparticles induces efficient anti-tumour and anti-viral immune responses. ACS Nano. doi:10.1021/nn304235j
Zeira E, Manevitch A, Khatchatouriants A, Pappo O, Hyam E, Darash-Yahana M, Tavor E, Honigman A, Lewis A, Galun E (2003) Femtosecond infrared laser—an efficient and safe in vivo gene delivery system for prolonged expression. Mol Ther 8(2):342–350
Zeira E, Manevitch A, Manevitch Z, Kedar E, Gropp M, Daudi N, Barsuk R, Harati M, Yotvat H, Troilo PJ, Griffiths TG, Pacchione SJ, Roden DF, Niu Z, Nussbaum O, Zamir G, Papo O, Hemo I, Lewis A, Galun E (2007) Femtosecond laser: a new intradermal DNA delivery method for efficient, long-term gene expression and genetic immunization. FASEB J 21(13):3522–3533. doi:10.1096/fj.06-7528com
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rattanapak, T., Foged, C., Hook, S. (2015). Transcutaneous Immunization. In: Foged, C., Rades, T., Perrie, Y., Hook, S. (eds) Subunit Vaccine Delivery. Advances in Delivery Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1417-3_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1417-3_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1416-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1417-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)