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The Oxidative Stress in the Fetus and in the Newborn

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Perinatal and Prenatal Disorders

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Abstract

Free radical (FR) generation is an unavoidable consequence of life in an oxygen-rich atmosphere. FRs can be considered a double-edged sword. Their beneficial effects occur at moderate concentrations and include their physiological roles in cellular responses to noxia, as in defense against infectious agents, in the function of a number of cellular signaling pathways, and in the induction of a mitogenic response. The overproduction of FRs and the insufficiency of antioxidant mechanisms result in oxidative stress (OS), a deleterious process and important mediator of damage to cell structures and tissues. OS can occur before birth as a consequence of hypoxic–ischemic or inflammatory processes and also at birth in all newborns because of the hyperoxic challenge during the transition from the hypoxic intrauterine environment to extrauterine life. During the perinatal period, OS can be magnified by other predisposing conditions such as hyperoxia, hypoxia, ischemia, hypoxia–reperfusion, inflammation, and high levels of non-protein-bound iron (NPBI).

Epidemiological studies linked OS occurring during fetal stages and early infancy with adverse outcomes later in life, indicating that OS is an early event in the etiology of many chronic diseases. Fetuses and newborns are particularly susceptible to OS and damage due to the increased generation of FRs, the lack of adequate antioxidant protection, and the inability to induce antioxidant defenses during the hyperoxic challenge at birth. This impairment in the oxidative balance has been thought to be the common link among different pathologies grouped together as “free radical disease in the neonate” that include retinopathy of prematurity (which may lead to blindness in severe cases), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (a particularly debilitating pulmonary disease of the preterm infant), periventricular leukomalacia (an important cause of severe neurodisability), and necrotizing enterocolitis.

In this chapter, we will discuss in detail these perinatal diseases. Particularly, we will analyze the current knowledge about the role of OS in their pathogenesis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, V.le Bracci 36, 53100, Siena, Italy

    Serafina Perrone M.D., Ph.D., Maria Luisa Tataranno M.D., Antonino Santacroce M.D. & Giuseppe Buonocore M.D.

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  1. Serafina Perrone M.D., Ph.D.
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  2. Maria Luisa Tataranno M.D.
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  3. Antonino Santacroce M.D.
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Correspondence to Giuseppe Buonocore M.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Penn, Perelman Sch of Med Professor of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Division of Neonatology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Phyllis A. Dennery

  2. Lab of Oxidative Stress Policlinico “Le Scotte“, University of Siena Dept of Peds, Obstetrics & Reprod Med, Siena, Italy

    Giuseppe Buonocore

  3. Department of Pediatrics, University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine Rikshospitalit Medical Center, Oslo, Norway

    Ola Didrik Saugstad

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Perrone, S., Tataranno, M.L., Santacroce, A., Buonocore, G. (2014). The Oxidative Stress in the Fetus and in the Newborn. In: Dennery, P., Buonocore, G., Saugstad, O. (eds) Perinatal and Prenatal Disorders. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1405-0_21

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