Abstract
This chapter reviews the problem of selecting the best of a finite set of alternatives, where best is defined with respect to the highest mean performance, and where the performance is uncertain but may be estimated with simulation. This problem has been explored from several perspectives, including statistical ranking and selection, multiple comparisons, and stochastic optimization. Approaches taken in the literature include frequentist statistics, Bayesian statistics, related heuristics, and asymptotic convergence in probability. This chapter presents algorithms that are derived from Bayesian and related conceptual frameworks to provide empirically effective performance for the ranking and selection problem. In particular, we motivate the optimal computing budget allocation (OCBA) algorithm and expected value of information (EVI) approaches, give example algorithms, and provide pointers to the literature for detailed derivations and extensions of these approaches.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
R. E. Bechhofer, T. J. Santner, and D. M. Goldsman. Design and Analysis of Experiments for Statistical Selection, Screening, and Multiple Comparisons. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1995.
J. O. Berger and J. Deely. A Bayesian approach to ranking and selection of related means with alternatives to analysis-of-variance methodology. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(402):364–373, 1988.
J. Blanchet, J. Liu, and B. Zwart. Large deviations perspective on ordinal optimization of heavy-tailed systems. In S. J. Mason, R. R. Hill, L. Mönch, O. Rose, T. Jefferson, J. Fowler, editors, Proceedings of the 2008 Winter Simulation Conference, 489–494, 2008.
J. Branke, S. E. Chick, and C. Schmidt. Selecting a selection procedure. Management Science, 53:1916–1932, 2007.
M. W. Brantley, L. H. Lee, C. H. Chen, and A. Chen. Efficient simulation budget allocation with regression. IIE Transactions, 45(3):291–308, 2013.
M. W. Brantley, L. H. Lee, C.-H. Chen, and J. Xu. An efficient simulation budget allocation method incorporating regression for partitioned domains. Automatica, 50(5):1391–1400, 2014.
A. Charnes, W. W. Cooper, and E. Rhodes. Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2:429–444, 1978.
C. H. Chen and L. H. Lee. Stochastic Simulation Optimization: An Optimal Computing Budget Allocation. World Scientific Publishing Co, 2011.
C. H. Chen, D. He, and M. C. Fu. Efficient dynamic simulation allocation in ordinal optimization. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 51(12):2005–2009, 2006.
C. H. Chen, D. He, M. C. Fu, and L. H. Lee. Efficient simulation budget allocation for selecting an optimal subset. INFORMS Journal of Computing, 20:579–595, 2008.
C. H. Chen, V. Kumar, and Y.C. Luo. Motion planning of walking robots in environments with uncertainty. Journal of Robotic Systems, 16(10):527–545, 1999.
C. H. Chen, J. Lin, E. Yücesan, and S. E. Chick. Simulation budget allocation for further enhancing the efficiency of ordinal optimization. Discrete Event Dynamic Systems: Theory and Applications, 10:251–270, 2000.
C. H. Chen, E. Yücesan, L. Dai, and H. C. Chen. Efficient computation of optimal budget allocation for discrete event simulation experiment. IIE Transactions, 42(1):60–70, 2010.
S. E. Chick, and P. Frazier. Sequential sampling with economics of selection procedures. Management Science, 58(3):550–569, 2012.
S. E. Chick, and N. Gans. Economic analysis of simulation selection problems. Management Science, 55(3):421–437, 2009.
S. E. Chick and K. Inoue. New two-stage and sequential procedures for selecting the best simulated system. Operations Research, 49(5):732–743, 2001.
S. E. Chick and K. Inoue. New procedures to select the best simulated system using common random numbers. Management Science, 47(8):1133–1149, 2001.
S. E. Chick, J. Branke, and C. Schmidt. Sequential sampling to myopically maximize the expected value of information. INFORMS Journal of Computing, 22:71–80, 2010.
S. E. Chick and Y. Z. Wu. Selection procedures with frequentist expected opportunity cost bounds. Operations Research, 53(5):867–878, 2005.
M. H. de Groot. Optimal Statistical Decisions. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970.
E. J. Dudewicz and S.R. Dalal. Allocation of observations in ranking and selection with unequal variances. The Indian Journal of Statistics, 37B, 1:28–78, 1975.
P. Frazier, W. B. Powell, and S. Dayanik. A knowledge-gradient policy for sequential information collection. SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, 47(5):2410–2439, 2008.
P. Frazier, W. B. Powell, and S. Dayanik. The knowledge-gradient policy for correlated normal beliefs. INFORMS Journal of Computing, 21:599–613, 2009.
P. Frazier, J. Xie, and S. E. Chick. Bayesian optimization via simulation with correlated sampling and correlated prior beliefs. In S. Jain, R. R. Creasey, J. Himmelspach, K. P. White, M. Fu, editors, Proceedings of the 2011 Winter Simulation Conference, 3979–3911, 2011.
M. C. Fu, C. H. Chen, and L. Shi. Some topics for simulation optimization. In S. J. Mason, R. R. Hill, L. Mönch, O. Rose, T. Jefferson, J. Fowler, editors, Proceedings the 2008 Winter Simulation Conference, 27–38, 2008.
M. C. Fu, F. W. Glover, and J. April. Simulation optimization: A review, new developments, and applications. In M. E. Kuhl, N. M. Steiger, F. B. Armstrong, J. A. Joines, editors, Proceedings the 2005 Winter Simulation Conference, 83–95, 2005.
M. C. Fu, J. Q. Hu, C. H. Chen, and X. Xiong. Simulation allocation for determining the best design in the presence of correlated sampling. INFORMS Journal of Computing, 19:101–111, 2007.
P. Glynn and S. Juneja. A large deviations perspective on ordinal optimization. In R. G. Ingalls, M. D. Rosetti, J. S. Smith, B. A. Peters, editors, Proceedings of the 2004 Winter Simulation Conference, 577–585, 2004.
D. Goldsman and B. L. Nelson. Comparing systems via simulation. In J. Banks, editor, Handbook of Simulation: Principles, Methodology, Advances, Applications, and Practice. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 273–306, 1998.
S. S. Gupta and K. J. Miescke. Bayesian look ahead one stage sampling allocations for selecting the largest normal mean. Statistical Papers, 35:169–177, 1994.
S. S. Gupta and K. J. Miescke. Bayesian look ahead one-stage sampling allocations for selecting the best population. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 54(2):229–244, 1996.
J. M. Hammersley and D.C. Hanscomb. Monte Carlo Methods. Methuen, London, 1964.
D. He, S. E. Chick, and C. H. Chen. The opportunity cost and OCBA selection procedures in ordinal optimization. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics—Part C (Applications and Reviews), 37(4):951–961, 2007.
D. He, L. H. Lee, C. H. Chen, and M. C. Fu, and S. Wasserkrug. Simulation optimization using the cross-entropy method with optimal computing budget allocation. ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation, 20(1):Article 4, 2010.
L. J. Hong and B. L. Nelson. A brief introduction to optimization via simulation. In M. D. Rosetti, R. R. Hill, B. Johansson, A. Dunkin, R. Ingalls, editors, Proceedings of the 2009 Winter Simulation Conference, 75–85, 2009.
B. W. Hsieh, C. H. Chen, and S.C. Chang. Scheduling semiconductor wafer fabrication by using ordinal optimization-based simulation. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, 17(5):599–608, 2001.
Q. S. Jia, E. Zhou, and C. H. Chen. Efficient computing budget allocation for finding simplest good designs. IIE Transactions, 45(7):736–750, 2013.
S.-H. Kim and B. L. Nelson. A fully sequential procedure for indifference-zone selection in simulation. ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation, 11:251–273, 2001.
S.-H. Kim. and B. L. Nelson. Selecting the best system. In S. G. Henderson, B. L. Nelson, editors, Handbooks in Operations Research and Management Science: Simulation. Elsevier Science, Oxford, 501–534, 2006.
L. W. Koenig and A. M. Law. A procedure for selecting a subset of size m containing the one best of k independent normal populations, with applications to simulation. Communications in Statistics B14, 3:719–734, 1985.
A. M. Law. Simulation Modeling and Analysis, 5th Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2013.
L. H. Lee, E. P. Chew, and P. Manikam. A general framework on the simulation-based optimization under fixed computing budget. European Journal of Operational Research, 174:1828–1841, 2006.
L. H. Lee, E. P. Chew, S. Teng, and D. Goldsman. Optimal computing budget allocation for multi-objective simulation models. In R. G. Ingalls, M. D. Rosetti, J. S. Smith, B. A. Peters, editors, Proceedings of the 2004 Winter Simulation Conference, 586–594, 2004.
L. H. Lee, E. P. Chew, S. Teng, and D. Goldsman. Finding the non-dominated Pareto set for multi-objective simulation models. IIE Transactions, 42:656–674, 2010.
L. H. Lee, N. A. Pujowidianto, L. W. Li, C. H. Chen, and C. M. Yap. Approximate simulation budget allocation for selecting the best system in the presence of stochastic constraints. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 57(11):2940–2945, 2012.
D. J. Morrice, M. W. Brantley, and C. H. Chen. An efficient ranking and selection procedure for a linear transient mean performance measure. In S. J. Mason, R. R. Hill, L. Mönch, O. Rose, T. Jefferson, J. Fowler, editors, Proceedings of the 2008 Winter Simulation Conference, 290–296, 2008.
D. J. Morrice, M. W. Brantley, and C. H. Chen. A transient means ranking and selection procedure with sequential sampling constraints. In M. D. Rosetti, R. R. Hill, B. Johansson, A. Dunkin, R. Ingalls, editors, Proceedings of the 2009 Winter Simulation Conference, 590–600, 2009.
B. L. Nelson, J. Swann, D. Goldsman, and W. M. Song. Simple procedures for selecting the best simulated system when the number of alternatives is large. Operations Research, 49(6):950–963, 2001.
W. B. Powell and I. O. Ryzhov. Optimal Learning. Wiley, 2012.
Y. Rinott. On two-stage selection procedures and related probability inequalities. Communications in Statistics A7:799–811, 1978.
R. Rubinstein. The cross-entropy method for combinatorial and continuous optimization. Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability, 1(2): 127–190, 1999.
I. O. Ryzhov, W. B. Powell, and P. Frazier. The knowledge-gradient algorithm for a general class of online learning problems. Operations Research, 60(1):180–195, 2012.
L. Shi and C. H. Chen. A new algorithm for stochastic discrete resource allocation optimization. Discrete Event Dynamic Systems: Theory and Applications, 10:271–294, 2000.
J. F. Shortle, C. H. Chen, B. Crain, A. Brodsky, and D. Brod. Optimal splitting for rare-event simulation. IIE Transactions, 44(5):352–367, 2012.
R. Szechtman and E. Yücesan. A new perspective on feasibility determination. In S. J. Mason, R. R. Hill, L. Mönch, O. Rose, T. Jefferson, J. Fowler, editors, Proceedings of the 2008 Winter Simulation Conference, 273–280, 2008.
E. Tekin and I. Sabuncuoglu. Simulation optimization: A comprehensive review on theory and applications. IIE Transactions, 36:1067–1081, 2004.
L. Trailovic and L. Y. Pao. Computing budget allocation for efficient ranking and selection of variances with application to target tracking algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 49:58–67, 2004.
R. Waeber, P. Frazier, and S. G. Henderson. Performance measures for ranking and selection procedures. In B. Johansson, S. Jain, J. Montoya-Torres, J. Hugan, E. Yücesan, editors, Proceedings of the 2010 Winter Simulation Conference, 1235–1245, 2010.
W. P. Wong, W. Jaruphongsa, and L. H. Lee. Budget allocation for effective data collection in predicting an accurate DEA efficiency score. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 56(6):1235–1245, 2011.
S. Yan, E. Zhou, and C. H. Chen. Efficient selection of a set of good enough designs with complexity preference. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, 9(3):596–606, 2012.
Acknowledgements
This work has been supported in part by National Science Foundation under Award CMMI-1233376, Department of Energy under Award DE-SC0002223, NIH under Grant 1R21DK088368-01, National Science Council of Taiwan under Award NSC-100-2218-E-002-027-MY3, and the Program for Professor of Special Appointment (Eastern Scholar) at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chen, CH., Chick, S.E., Lee, L.H., Pujowidianto, N.A. (2015). Ranking and Selection: Efficient Simulation Budget Allocation. In: Fu, M. (eds) Handbook of Simulation Optimization. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, vol 216. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1384-8_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1384-8_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1383-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1384-8
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsBusiness and Management (R0)