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Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Fungal Secondary Metabolites pp 129–147Cite as

Ochratoxin A and Related Mycotoxins

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Part of the book series: Fungal Biology ((FUNGBIO))

Abstract

Ochratoxins are toxins produced by fungal species belonging not only to Aspergilli but also to Penicillia with ochratoxin A (OTA) being the main toxin of the group followed by ochratoxin B (OTB) and ochratoxin C (OTC). These mycotoxins are formed in a variety of plant products as well as in some animal-derived products following fungal invasion. Human exposure to OTA is mainly due to contaminated cereal products, coffee, and red wine. OTA is continuously studied for its occurrence in different foods and feeds and for its harmfulness for human and animal health. OTA is immunotoxic, nephrotoxic, and potentially carcinogenic in animals. Kidneys are its target organs and its level in foods is strictly regulated by laws, with OTA being classified as a member of group 2B of carcinogens.

According to the molecular structure, several enzymatic activities in addition to the primary pathway for phenylalanine biosynthesis are required for the biosynthesis of ochratoxin A: these are a polyketide synthase for the synthesis of the polyketide dihydroisocoumarin, a chlorinating enzyme, a methylase, an esterase, and a peptide synthetase for ligation of the phenylalanine to the dihydroisocoumarin.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Reverberi et al., personal communication.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Biology, Università Sapienza, Rome, Italy

    Massimo Reverberi, Anna Adele Fabbri & Corrado Fanelli

Authors
  1. Massimo Reverberi
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  2. Anna Adele Fabbri
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  3. Corrado Fanelli
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Correspondence to Massimo Reverberi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Biology, University of León, León, Spain

    Juan-Francisco Martín

  2. Parque Científico de León, Instituto de Biotecnología de León (INBIOTEC), León, Spain

    Carlos García-Estrada

  3. Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria

    Susanne Zeilinger

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Reverberi, M., Fabbri, A.A., Fanelli, C. (2014). Ochratoxin A and Related Mycotoxins. In: Martín, JF., García-Estrada, C., Zeilinger, S. (eds) Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Fungal Secondary Metabolites. Fungal Biology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1191-2_7

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