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Penicillins

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Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Fungal Secondary Metabolites

Part of the book series: Fungal Biology ((FUNGBIO))

Abstract

Eighty-five years after the discovery of penicillin, this beta-lactam antibiotic is still one of the most prescribed therapeutic drugs due to its high antimicrobial activity and low toxicity. The biosynthesis of penicillin is carried out by a limited number of ascomycete fungi from the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, the latter including the industrial producer of penicillin Penicillium chrysogenum. Improvement of this filamentous fungus represents one of the most remarkable milestones of the pharmaceutical industry, which has provided strains producing five orders of magnitude more penicillin than the Fleming’s Penicillium original isolate. The joint effort performed by scientists from industry and academia has contributed to gather information on the biosynthetic genes and enzymes as well as on the regulation of the biosynthetic process. The most recent “omics” techniques have provided the key to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the process of strain improvement. These studies have revealed that the increased productivity of industrial strains of P. chrysogenum lays on a careful rebalancing of metabolic pathways, which proves the versatility of this filamentous fungus for the production of the twentieth century magic bullet, the wonder drug penicillin.

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  1. INBIOTEC (Institute of Biotechnology of León), Parque Científico de León, León, Spain

    Carlos García-Estrada

  2. Department of Molecular Biology, Microbiology Section, University of León, León, Spain

    Juan-Francisco Martín

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  1. Carlos García-Estrada
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  1. Department of Molecular Biology, University of León, León, Spain

    Juan-Francisco Martín

  2. Parque Científico de León, Instituto de Biotecnología de León (INBIOTEC), León, Spain

    Carlos García-Estrada

  3. Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria

    Susanne Zeilinger

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García-Estrada, C., Martín, JF. (2014). Penicillins. In: Martín, JF., García-Estrada, C., Zeilinger, S. (eds) Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Fungal Secondary Metabolites. Fungal Biology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1191-2_2

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