Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Molecular Structure, Gating, and Regulation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Nicotinic Receptors

Part of the book series: The Receptors ((REC,volume 26))

Abstract

Gating of ion channels is the opening response of the channel to a stimulus and its subsequent desensitization or inactivation. For nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, the stimulus is the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to an extracellular domain followed by a sequence of conformational changes resulting in rapid channel opening. In most channels a persistent stimulus invokes a second gating event driving the channel into an inactive, desensitized state that may or may not contribute to the net response. A full understanding of gating requires a correlation of structural changes with the kinetics of channel opening and desensitization; an understanding of how these changes result in rapid, large changes in ion flux through the channel; and how they are terminated. In this article the current structural changes and the current understanding of nicotinic receptor channel kinetics are reviewed and correlated. The analysis necessarily draws on inferences from the larger family of ligand-gated ion channels and related proteins. The focus will be predominantly on the opening event but will also include consideration of desensitization.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

AChBP:

Acetylcholine Binding Protein

ELIC:

Erwinia chrysanthemi ligand-gated ion channel

GLIC:

Gloeobacter violaceus ligand-gated ion channel

Glu-Cl:

C. elegans glutamate-gated chloride channel

LFER:

Linear free energy relationship

LGIC:

Pentameric ligand-gated ion channel

MWC:

Monod-Wyman-Changeux cooperativity model

nAChR:

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

TID:

3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-iodophenyl)diazirine

TM:

Transmembrane domain

References

  1. Taly A, Corringer PJ, Guedin D, Lestage P, Changeux JP. Nicotinic receptors: allosteric transitions and therapeutic targets in the nervous system. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2009;8(9):733–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Dacosta CJ, Baenziger JE. Gating of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels: structural insights and ambiguities. Structure. 2013;21(8):1271–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Smit AB, Syed NI, Schaap D, van Minnen J, Klumperman J, Kits KS, Lodder H, van der Schors RC, van Elk R, Sorgedrager B, Brejc K, Sixma TK, Geraerts WP. A glia-derived acetylcholine-binding protein that modulates synaptic transmission. Nature. 2001;411(6835):261–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Brejc K, van Dijk WJ, Klaassen RV, Schuurmans M, van Der Oost J, Smit AB, Sixma TK. Crystal structure of an ACh-binding protein reveals the ligand-binding domain of nicotinic receptors. Nature. 2001;411(6835):269–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Hansen SB, Sulzenbacher G, Huxford T, Marchot P, Taylor P, Bourne Y. Structures of Aplysia AChBP complexes with nicotinic agonists and antagonists reveal distinctive binding interfaces and conformations. EMBO J. 2005;24(20):3635–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Li SX, Huang S, Bren N, Noridomi K, Dellisanti CD, Sine SM, Chen L. Ligand-binding domain of an alpha7-nicotinic receptor chimera and its complex with agonist. Nat Neurosci. 2011;14(10):1253–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Unwin N, Fujiyoshi Y. Gating movement of acetylcholine receptor caught by plunge-freezing. J Mol Biol. 2012;422(5):617–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hilf RJ, Dutzler R. X-ray structure of a prokaryotic pentameric ligand-gated ion channel. Nature. 2008;452(7185):375–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hilf RJ, Dutzler R. Structure of a potentially open state of a proton-activated pentameric ligand-gated ion channel. Nature. 2009;457(7225):115–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hibbs RE, Gouaux E. Principles of activation and permeation in an anion-selective Cys-loop receptor. Nature. 2011;474(7349):54–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Neubig RR, Cohen JB. Equilibrium binding of [3H]tubocurarine and [3H]acetylcholine by Torpedo postsynaptic membranes: stoichiometry and ligand interactions. Biochemistry. 1979;18(24):5464–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Pedersen SE. Site-selective photoaffinity labeling of the Torpedo californica nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by azide derivatives of ethidium bromide. Mol Pharmacol. 1995;47(1):1–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Andreeva IE, Nirthanan S, Cohen JB, Pedersen SE. Site specificity of agonist-induced opening and desensitization of the torpedo californica nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Biochemistry. 2006;45(1):195–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Prince RJ, Sine SM. Molecular dissection of subunit interfaces in the acetylcholine receptor. Identification of residues that determine agonist selectivity. J Biol Chem. 1996;271(42):25770–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Pennington RA, Gao F, Sine SM, Prince RJ. Structural basis for epibatidine selectivity at desensitized nicotinic receptors. Mol Pharmacol. 2005;67(1):123–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Chiara DC, Xie Y, Cohen JB. Structure of the agonist-binding sites of the Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: affinity-labeling and mutational analyses identify gamma Tyr-111/delta Arg-113 as antagonist affinity determinants. Biochemistry. 1999;38(20):6689–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Chiara DC, Cohen JB. Identification of amino acids contributing to high and Low affinity D-tubocurarine sites in the torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. J Biol Chem. 1997;272(52):32940–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Sine SM, Kreienkamp HJ, Bren N, Maeda R, Taylor P. Molecular dissection of subunit interfaces in the acetylcholine receptor: identification of determinants of alpha-conotoxin M1 selectivity. Neuron. 1995;15(1):205–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bren N, Sine SM. Identification of residues in the adult nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that confer selectivity for curariform antagonists. J Biol Chem. 1997;272(49):30793–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Unwin N. Refined structure of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at 4A resolution. J Mol Biol. 2005;346(4):967–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bocquet N, Prado de Carvalho L, Cartaud J, Neyton J, Le Poupon C, Taly A, Grutter T, Changeux JP, Corringer PJ. A Prokaryotic proton-gated ion channel from the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor family. Nature. 2007;445(7123):116–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bocquet N, Nury H, Baaden M, Le Poupon C, Changeux JP, Delarue M, Corringer PJ. X-ray structure of a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel in an apparently open conformation. Nature. 2009;457(7225):111–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Sauguet L, Poitevin F, Murail S, Van Renterghem C, Moraga-Cid G, Malherbe L, Thompson AW, Koehl P, Corringer PJ, Baaden M, Delarue M. Structural basis for ion permeation mechanism in pentameric ligand-gated ion channels. EMBO J. 2013;32(5):728–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Prevost MS, Sauguet L, Nury H, Van Renterghem C, Huon C, Poitevin F, Baaden M, Delarue M, Corringer PJ. A locally closed conformation of a bacterial pentameric proton-gated ion channel. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2012;19(6):642–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Grosman C, Salamone FN, Sine SM, Auerbach A. The extracellular linker of muscle acetylcholine receptor channels is a gating control element. J Gen Physiol. 2000;116(3):327–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kash TL, Jenkins A, Kelley JC, Trudell JR, Harrison NL. Coupling of agonist binding to channel gating in the GABA(A) receptor. Nature. 2003;421(6920):272–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Katz B, Thesleff S. A study of the ‘Desensitization’ produced by acetylcholine at the motor endplate. J Physiol. 1957;138:63–80.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Neubig RR, Boyd ND, Cohen JB. Conformations of Torpedo acetylcholine receptor associated with ion transport and desensitization. Biochemistry. 1982;21(14):3460–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Boyd ND, Cohen JB. Desensitization of membrane-bound Torpedo acetylcholine receptor by amine noncompetitive antagonists and aliphatic alcohols: studies of [3H]acetylcholine binding and 22Na+ ion fluxes. Biochemistry. 1984;23(18):4023–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Cohen JB, Correll LA, Dreyer EB, Kuisk IR, Medynski DC, Strnad NP. Interactions of local anesthetics with torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. In: Roth SH, Miller KW, editors. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of anesthetics. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1986. p. 111–24.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  31. Oswald RE. Binding of phencyclidine to the detergent solubilized acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo marmorata. Life Sci. 1983;32(10):1143–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Oswald RE, Heidmann T, Changeux JP. Multiple affinity states for noncompetitive blockers revealed by [3H]phencyclidine binding to acetylcholine receptor rich membrane fragments from Torpedo marmorata. Biochemistry. 1983;22(13):3128–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Middleton RE, Strnad NP, Cohen JB. Photoaffinity labeling the torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor with [(3)H]tetracaine, a nondesensitizing noncompetitive antagonist. Mol Pharmacol. 1999;56(2):290–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Herz JM, Atherton SJ. Steric factors limit access to the noncompetitive inhibitor site of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Fluorescence studies. Biophys J. 1992;62(1):74–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Boyd ND, Cohen JB. Kinetics of binding of [3H]acetylcholine to Torpedo postsynaptic membranes: association and dissociation rate constants by rapid mixing and ultrafiltration. Biochemistry. 1980;19(23):5353–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Boyd ND, Cohen JB. Kinetics of binding of [3H]acetylcholine and [3H]carbamoylcholine to Torpedo postsynaptic membranes: slow conformational transitions of the cholinergic receptor. Biochemistry. 1980;19(23):5344–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Grosman C, Zhou M, Auerbach A. Mapping the conformational wave of acetylcholine receptor channel gating. Nature. 2000;403(6771):773–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Auerbach A. The gating isomerization of neuromuscular acetylcholine receptors. J Physiol. 2010;588(Pt 4):573–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Cymes GD, Grosman C, Auerbach A. Structure of the transition state of gating in the acetylcholine receptor channel pore: a phi-value analysis. Biochemistry. 2002;41(17):5548–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Koshland Jr DE, Nemethy G, Filmer D. Comparison of experimental binding data and theoretical models in proteins containing subunits. Biochemistry. 1966;5(1):365–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Xiu X, Puskar NL, Shanata JA, Lester HA, Dougherty A. Nicotine binding to brain receptors requires a strong cation-pi interaction. Nature. 2009;458(7237):534–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Beene DL, Brandt GS, Zhong W, Zacharias NM, Lester HA, Dougherty DA. Cation-π interactions in ligand recognition by serotonergic (5-HT3A) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: the anomalous binding properties of nicotine. Biochemistry. 2002;41(32):10262–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Auerbach A. The energy and work of a ligand-gated ion channel. J Mol Biol. 2013;425(9):1461–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Labarca C, Nowak MW, Zhang H, Tang L, Deshpande P, Lester HA. Channel gating governed symmetrically by conserved leucine residues in the M2 domain of nicotinic receptors. Nature. 1995;376(6540):514–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Unwin N. Acetylcholine receptor channel imaged in the open state. Nature. 1995;373(6509):37–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Unwin N. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at 9 A resolution. J Mol Biol. 1993;229(4):1101–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Miyazawa A, Fujiyoshi Y, Unwin N. Structure and gating mechanism of the acetylcholine receptor pore. Nature. 2003;423(6943):949–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Pascual JM, Karlin A. State-dependent accessibility and electrostatic potential in the channel of the acetylcholine receptor. Inferences from rates of reaction of thiosulfonates with substituted cysteines in the M2 segment of the alpha subunit. J Gen Physiol. 1998;111(6):717–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Beckstein O, Sansom MS. A hydrophobic gate in an ion channel: the closed state of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Phys Biol. 2006;3(2):147–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Cymes GD, Ni Y, Grosman C. Probing Ion-channel pores One proton at a time. Nature. 2005;438(7070):975–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Burzomato V, Beato M, Groot-Kormelink PJ, Colquhoun D, Sivilotti LG. Single-channel behavior of heteromeric alpha1beta glycine receptors: an attempt to detect a conformational change before the channel opens. J Neurosci. 2004;24(48):10924–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Lape R, Colquhoun D, Sivilotti LG. On the nature of partial agonism in the nicotinic receptor superfamily. Nature. 2008;454(7205):722–7.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Lape R, Krashia P, Colquhoun D, Sivilotti LG. Agonist and blocking actions of choline and tetramethylammonium on human muscle acetylcholine receptors. J Physiol. 2009;587(Pt 21):5045–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Purohit P, Auerbach A. Loop C and the mechanism of acetylcholine receptor-channel gating. J Gen Physiol. 2013;141(4):467–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Steinbach JH, Sine SM. Function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Soc Gen Physiol Ser. 1987;41:19–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Papke RL. Enhanced inhibition of a mutant neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by agonists: protection of function by (E)-N-methyl-4-(3- pyridinyl)-3-butene-1-amine (TC-2403). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002;301(2):765–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Papke RL, Thinschmidt JS. The correction of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor concentration-response relationships in Xenopus oocytes. Neurosci Lett. 1998;256(3):163–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Jackson MB. Perfection of a synaptic receptor: kinetics and energetics of the acetylcholine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989;86(7):2199–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Song XZ, Andreeva IE, Pedersen SE. Site-selective agonist binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica. Biochemistry. 2003;42(14):4197–207.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. White BH, Cohen JB. Agonist-induced changes in the structure of the acetylcholine receptor M2 regions revealed by photoincorporation of an uncharged nicotinic noncompetitive antagonist. J Biol Chem. 1992;267(22):15770–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. White BH, Howard S, Cohen SG, Cohen JB. The hydrophobic photoreagent 3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-m-([125I] iodophenyl) diazirine is a novel noncompetitive antagonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. J Biol Chem. 1991;266(32):21595–607.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. White BH, Cohen JB. Photolabeling of membrane-bound Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor with the hydrophobic probe 3-trifluoromethyl-3-(m-[125I]iodophenyl)diazirine. Biochemistry. 1988;27(24):8741–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Chiara DC, Hamouda AK, Ziebell MR, Mejia LA, Garcia 3rd G, Cohen JB. [(3)H]chlorpromazine photolabeling of the torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor identifies two state-dependent binding sites in the ion channel. Biochemistry. 2009;48(42):10066–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Heidmann T, Changeux JP. Time-resolved photolabeling by the noncompetitive blocker chlorpromazine of the acetylcholine receptor in its transiently open and closed ion channel conformations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984;81(6):1897–901.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Oswald R, Changeux JP. Ultraviolet light-induced labeling by noncompetitive blockers of the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo marmorata. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981;78(6):3925–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Heidmann T, Oswald RE, Changeux JP. Multiple sites of action for noncompetitive blockers on acetylcholine receptor rich membrane fragments from torpedo marmorata. Biochemistry. 1983;22(13):3112–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Herz JM, Kolb SJ, Erlinger T, Schmid E. Channel permeant cations compete selectively with noncompetitive inhibitors of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. J Biol Chem. 1991;266(25):16691–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Herz JM, Johnson DA, Taylor P. Interaction of noncompetitive inhibitors with the acetylcholine receptor. The site specificity and spectroscopic properties of ethidium binding. J Biol Chem. 1987;262(15):7238–47.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Rankin SE, Addona GH, Kloczewiak MA, Bugge B, Miller KW. The cholesterol dependence of activation and fast desensitization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Biophys J. 1997;73(5):2446–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Lurtz MM, Hareland ML, Pedersen SE. Quinacrine and ethidium bromide bind the same locus on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica. Biochemistry. 1997;36(8):2068–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Pratt MB, Pedersen SE, Cohen JB. Identification of the sites of incorporation of [3H]ethidium diazide within the Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ion channel. Biochemistry. 2000;39(37):11452–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Sine SM, Steinbach JH. Activation of acetylcholine receptors on clonal mammalian BC3H-1 cells by high concentrations of agonist. J Physiol. 1987;385:325–59.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Elenes S, Auerbach A. Desensitization of diliganded mouse muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels. J Physiol. 2002;541(Pt 2):367–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Yamodo IH, Chiara DC, Cohen JB, Miller KW. Conformational changes in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor during gating and desensitization. Biochemistry. 2010;49(1):156–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Arevalo E, Chiara DC, Forman SA, Cohen JB, Miller KW. Gating-enhanced accessibility of hydrophobic sites within the transmembrane region of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor’s {delta}-subunit. A time-resolved photolabeling study. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(14):13631–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Heidmann T, Bernhardt J, Neumann E, Changeux JP. Rapid kinetics of agonist binding and permeability response analyzed in parallel on acetylcholine receptor rich membranes from Torpedo marmorata. Biochemistry. 1983;22(23):5452–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Monod J, Wyman J, Changeux J-P. On the nature of allosteric transitions: a plausible model. J Mol Biol. 1965;12(1):88–118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Purohit P, Bruhova I, Auerbach A. Sources of energy for gating by neurotransmitters in acetylcholine receptor channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(24):9384–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Rayes D, De Rosa MJ, Sine SM, Bouzat C. Number and locations of agonist binding sites required to activate homomeric Cys-loop receptors. J Neurosci. 2009;29(18):6022–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Campo-Soria C, Chang Y, Weiss DS. Mechanism of action of benzodiazepines on GABAA receptors. Br J Pharmacol. 2006;148(7):984–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Shen XM, Ohno K, Tsujino A, Brengman JM, Gingold M, Sine SM, Engel AG. Mutation causing severe myasthenia reveals functional asymmetry of AChR signature cystine loops in agonist binding and gating. J Clin Invest. 2003;111(4):497–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Humphrey W, Dalke A, Schulten K. VMD: visual molecular dynamics. J Mol Graph. 1996;14(1):33–8,27–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

All molecular modeling figures were created using VMD [82].

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Steen E. Pedersen Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Steen E. Pedersen Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Steen E. Pedersen Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurobiology SHEL 1006, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA

    Robin A.J. Lester

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pedersen, S.E. (2014). Molecular Structure, Gating, and Regulation. In: Lester, R. (eds) Nicotinic Receptors. The Receptors, vol 26. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1167-7_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation