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Glycobiology of the Nervous System pp 517–542Cite as

Galectins and Neuroinflammation

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Part of the book series: Advances in Neurobiology ((NEUROBIOL,volume 9))

Abstract

Galectins, β-galactoside-binding lectins, play multiple roles in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. The major galectins expressed in the CNS are galectins 1, 3, 4, 8, and 9. Under normal physiological conditions, galectins maintain CNS homeostasis by participating in neuronal myelination, neuronal stem cell proliferation, and apical vesicle transport in neuronal cells. In neuronal diseases and different experimental neuroinflammatory disease models, galectins may serve as extracellular mediators or intracellular regulators in controlling the inflammatory response or conferring the remodeling capacity in damaged CNS tissues. In general, galectins 1 and 9 attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (a model of multiple sclerosis), while galectin-3 promotes inflammation in this model. In brain ischemic lesions, both galectins 1 and 3 are induced to help neuronal regeneration. The expression of galectin-1 is required for astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor secretion, and recombinant galectin-1 promotes neuronal regeneration. Galectin-3 promotes microglial cell proliferation and attenuates ischemic damage and neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models, galectin-3 is deleterious to neuroregeneration, while intramuscular administration of oxidized galectin-1 can improve neuromuscular disorders. In axotomy and Wallerian degeneration, galectin-3 helps phagocytosis of macrophages to clear degenerate myelin in the injured PNS or CNS. Thus, galectins are important modulators participating in homeostasis of the CNS and neuroinflammation. Continued investigations of the roles of galectins in neuroinflammation promise to provide a better understanding of the mechanism of this process and lead to new therapeutic approaches.

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Abbreviations

CNS:

Central nervous system

BBB:

Blood–brain barrier

PAMPs:

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

PRRs:

Pattern recognition receptors

TCR:

T-cell receptor

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

APC:

Antigen-presenting cells

Th:

T helper cell

TFH :

Follicular helper T cell

Treg:

Regulatory T cells

IFN-γ:

Interferon-gamma

EAE:

Experimental autoimmune encephalitis

MS:

Multiple sclerosis

TLRs:

Toll-like receptors

RLRs:

Retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors

NLR:

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor

BCR:

B-cell receptor

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

CCL20:

CC chemokine ligand 20

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

AA:

Arachidonic acid

5-LO:

5-Lipoxygenase

CRDs:

Carbohydrate-recognition domains

OLG:

Oligodendrocyte

NSCs:

Neural stem cells

MBP:

Myelin basic protein

IL-1β:

Interleukin-1β

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan

    Hung-Lin Chen, Fang Liao, Teng-Nan Lin & Fu-Tong Liu M.D., Ph.D.

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  2. Fang Liao
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Correspondence to Fu-Tong Liu M.D., Ph.D. .

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  1. Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

    Robert K. Yu

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA

    Cara-Lynne Schengrund

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Chen, HL., Liao, F., Lin, TN., Liu, FT. (2014). Galectins and Neuroinflammation. In: Yu, R., Schengrund, CL. (eds) Glycobiology of the Nervous System. Advances in Neurobiology, vol 9. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1154-7_24

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