Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of personality disorder (PD) assessment in African Americans. First, sociocultural issues unique to African Americans will be discussed, with particular attention paid to those issues that impact the presentation and perception of PD. Next, the concepts of PD and classification will be explained along with an overview of assessment tools available, including self-report measures and semistructured interviews. Then, a review of the major PD assessment instruments with established psychometric studies in African American samples will be presented. Finally, recommendations regarding PD assessment with African Americans for both clinical and research fields will conclude the chapter. This chapter emphasizes the use of well-validated instruments, taking a multimethod assessment approach, and examining and improving one’s standard of multicultural assessment practice when assessing African Americans for PD.
Keywords
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adebimpe, V. R. (1984). American Blacks and psychiatry. Transcultural Psychiatric Research, 21, 83–111.
Alegría, M., Canino, G., Ríos, R., Vera, M., Calderón, J., Rusch, D., & Ortega, A. N. (2002). Mental health care for Latinos: Inequalities in use of specialty mental health services among Latinos, African Americans, and non-Latino Whites. Psychiatric Services, 53(12), 1547–1555.
Alterman, A. I., Zaballero, A. R., Lin, M. M., Siddiqui, N., Brown, L. S., Rutherford, M. J., & McDermott, P. A. (1995). Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) scores of lower-socioeconomic African American and Latino methadone maintenance patients. Assessment, 2(1), 91–100.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychological Association. (2003). Guidelines on multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change for psychologists. American Psychologist, 58(5), 377–402.
Arbisi, P. A., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & McNulty, J. (2002). A comparison of MMPI-2 validity in African American and Caucasian psychiatric inpatients. Psychological assessment, 14(1), 3–15.
Bender, D. S., Skodol, A. E., Dyck, I. R., Markowitz, J. C., Shea, M. T., Yen, S., Sanislow, C. A., Pinto, A., Zanarini, M. C., McGlashan, T. H., Gunderson, J. G., Daversa, M. T., & Grilo, C. M. (2007). Ethnicity and mental health treatment utilization by patients with personality disorders. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 75(6), 992–999.
Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Tellegen, A. (2008). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 restructured form: MMPI-2-RF. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press (NCS Pearson, Inc).
Butcher, J. N., Dahlstrom, W. G., Graham, J. R., Tellegen, A., & Kaemmer, B. (1989). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2): Manual for administration and scoring. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Butcher, J. N., Williams, C. L., Graham, J. R., Archer, R., Tellegen, A., Ben-Porath, Y. S., et al. (1992). MMPI-A manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81–105.
Carter, R. T. (1991). Cultural values: A review of empirical research and implications for counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 164–173.
Castro, Y., Gordon, K. H., Brown, J. S., Anestis, J. C., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Examination of racial differences on the MMPI-2 clinical and restructured clinical scales in an outpatient sample. Assessment, 15(3), 277–286.
Chang, B., Sharp, C., & Ha, C. (2011). The criterion validity of the borderline personality feature scale for children in an adolescent inpatient setting. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(4), 492–503.
Choca, J. P., Shanley, L. A., Peterson, C. A., & Van Denburg, E. (1990). Racial bias and the MCMI. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 479–490.
Choca, J. P., Shanley, L. A., & Van Denburg, E. (1992). Interpretive guide to the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Clark, L. A., Livesley, W. J., & Morey, L. (1997). Personality disorder assessment: The challenge of construct validity (special feature). Journal of Personality Disorders, 11(3), 205–231.
Cleary, T. A. (1968). Test bias: Prediction of grades of Negro and white students in integrated colleges. Journal of Educational Measurement, 5(2), 115–124.
Clifton, A., Turkheimer, E., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2007). Improving assessment of personality disorder traits through social network analysis. Journal of Personality, 75(5), 1007–1032.
Cooke, D. F., Kosson, D. S., & Michie, C. (2001). Psychopathy and ethnicity: Structural, item, and test generalizability of the psychopathy checklist-revised (PCL-R) in Caucasian and African American participants. Psychological Assessment, 13, 531–542.
Coolidge, F. L. (1993). The Coolidge Axis II inventory: Manual. Clermont: Synergistic Office Solutions.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO PI-R professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Cox, C. A., Weed, N. C., & Butcher, J. N. (2009). The MMPI-2: History, interpretation and clinical Issues. In J. N. Butcher (Ed.), Oxford handbook of personality assessment (pp. 250–276). New York: Oxford University Press.
Dahlstrom, W. G. (1986). Ethnic status and personality measurement. In W. G. Dahlstrom, D. Lacher, & L. E. Dahlstrom, MMPI Patterns of American Minorities (pp. 3–23). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Dana, R. H. (2000). Handbook of cross-cultural and multi-cultural personality assessment. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Dean, A. C., Boone, K. B., Kim, M. S., Curiel, A. R., Martin, D. J., Victor, T. L., Zeller, M. A., & Lang, Y. K. (2008). Examination of the impact of ethnicity on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) fake bad scale. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22(6), 1054–1060.
Fang, C. Y., & Myers, H. F. (2001). The effects of racial stressors and hostility on cardiovascular reactivity in African American and Caucasian men. Health Psychology, 20(1), 64–70.
Farmer, R. (2000). Issues in the assessment and conceptualization of personality disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 823–851.
First, M. B. (2005). Clinical utility: A prerequisite for the adoption of a dimensional approach in DSM. Journal of abnormal psychology, 114(4), 560–564.
First, M. B., & Gibbon, M. (1997). User’s guide for the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis II personality disorders: SCID-II. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
First, M. B., & Gibbon, M. (2004). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II).
Frueh, B. C., Smith, D. W., & Libet, J. M. (1996). Racial differences on psychological measures in combat veterans seeking treatment for PTSD. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 41–53.
Frueh, B. C., Gold, P. B., & de Arellano, M. A. (1997). Symptom overreporting in combat veterans evaluated for PTSD: Differentiation on the basis of compensation seeking status. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(2), 369–384.
Gabbard, G. O. (2005). Mind, brain, and personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(4), 648–655.
Garb, H. N. (2005). Clinical Judgment and Decision Making. Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 67–89.
Ghafoori, B., & Hierholzer, R. W. (2010). Personality patterns among Black, White, and Hispanic combat veterans. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2(1), 12.
Greene, R. L. (1987). Ethnicity and MMPI performance: A review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 497–512.
Gunderson, J., Ronningstam, E., & Bodkin, A. (1990). The diagnostic interview for narcissistic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 676–680.
Gynther, M. D. (1972). White norms and black MMPIs: A prescription for discrimination?. Psychological Bulletin, 78(5), 386–402.
Gynther, M. D., & Greene, S. B. (1980). Accuracy may make a difference, but does a difference make for accuracy? A response to Prtichard and Rosenblatt. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 268–272.
Hall, C. C. I. (1997). Cultural malpractice: The growing obsolescence of psychology with the changing US population. American Psychologist, 52(6), 642–651.
Hall, G. C. N., Bansal, A., & Lopez, I. R. (1999). Ethnicity and psychopathology: A meta analytic review of 31 years of comparative MMPI/MMPI-2 research. Psychological Assessment, 11(2), 186–197.
Hamberger, L. K., & Hastings, J. E. (1992). Racial differences on the MCMI in an outpatient clinical sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 58(1), 90–95.
Hare, R. D. (1991). The revised psychopathy checklist. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
Hare, R. D. (2011). The Hare PCL-R: Some issues concerning its use and misuse. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 3(1), 99–119.
Hare, R. D., Cooke, D. J., & Hart, S. D. (1999). Psychopathy and sadistic personality disorder. In T. Millon, P. H. Blaney, & R. D. Davies (Eds.), Oxford textbook of psychopathology (pp. 555–584). London: Oxford University Press.
Harris, K. M., Edlund, M. J., & Larson, S. (2005). Racial and ethnic differences in the mental health problems and use of mental health care. Medical Care, 43(8), 775–784.
Hathaway, S. H. & McKinley, J. C. (1943). The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press.
Helms, J. E., & Parham, T. A. (1996). The racial identity attitude scale. Handbook of tests and measurements for Black populations, 2, 167–174.
Hill, J. S., Robbins, R. R., & Pace, T. M. (2012). Cultural validity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 empirical correlates: Is this the best we can do? Multicultural Counseling and Development, 40, 104–116.
Holden, R. R. (2000). Are there promising MMPI substitutes for assessing psychopathology and personality? Review and prospect. In R. H. Dana (Ed.), Handbook of cross-cultural and multicultural personality assessment (pp. 267–292). Mahwah: Laurence Erlbaum Associates.
Holzer, C. E., Shea, B. M., Swanson, J. W., & Leaf, P. J. (1986). The increased risk for specific psychiatric disorders among persons of low socioeconomic status. American Journal of Social Psychiatry, 6, 259– 271.
Horowitz, L. M., Strauß, B., & Kordy, H. (2000).Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP). Göttingen: Hogrefe
Hudson, C. G. (2005). Socioeconomic status and mental illness: Tests of the social causation and selection hypotheses. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(1), 3–18.
Hyler, S. E. (1994). Personality questionnaire PDQ-4 +. New York: State Psychiatric Institute.
Kelsey, R. C., & Ransom, R. M. (1996). A comparison of African and European groups utilizing a worldview opinion questionnaire. In R. L. Jones (Ed.), Handbook of tests and measurements for the black population. Hampton: Cobb & Henry.
Kessler, R. C., Mickelson, K. D., & Williams, D. R. (1999). The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. Journal of health and social behavior, 40, 208–230.
Klein, M. (1985). Wisconsin Personality Inventory (WISPI). Madison: University of Wisconsin.
Klonoff, E. A., Landrine, H., & Ullman, J. B. (1999). Racial discrimination and psychiatric symptoms among Blacks. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 5(4), 329–339.
Kosson, D. S., Smith, S. S., & Newman, J. P. (1990). Evaluating the construct validity of psychopathy in black and white male inmates: three preliminary studies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99(3), 250–259.
Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E. (2012). Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42(9), 1879–1890. doi:10.1017/S0033291711002674.
Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E. A. (1994). The African American acculturation scale: Development, reliability, and validity. Journal of Black Psychology, 20(2), 104–127.
Lee, R. M., & Ramirez, M., III. (2000). The history, current status, and future of multicultural psychotherapy. In I. Cuellár & F. A. Paniagua (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural mental health: Assessment and treatment of diverse populations (pp. 280–303). San Diego: Academic Press.
Lindsey, M. L., & Cuellár, I. (2000). Mental health assessment and treatment of African Americans: A multicultural perspective. In I. Cuellár & F. A. Paniagua (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural mental health: Assessment and treatment of diverse populations (pp. 195–207). San Diego: Academic Press.
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (1999). Public conceptions of mental illness: Labels, causes, dangerousness and social distance. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1328–1333.
Loranger, A. W., Janca, A., & Sartorius, N. (Eds.). (1997). Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorders: The ICD-10 international personality disorder examination (IPDE). Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
Luepnitz, R. R., Randolph, D. L., & Gutsch, K. U. (1982). Race and socioeconomic status as confounding variables in the accurate diagnosis of alcoholism. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38(3), 665–669.
Mays, V. M., Cochran, S. D., & Barnes, N. W. (2007). Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 201–225.
McLoyd, V. C. (1998). Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American Psychologist, 53(2), 185–204.
McNulty, J. L., Graham, J. R., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Stein, L. A. R. (1997). Comparative validity Of MMPI-2 scores of African American and Caucasian mental health center clients. Psychological Assessment, 9(4), 464–470.
Michonski, J. D., Sharp, C., Steinberg, L., & Zanarini, M. C. (2012). An item response theory analysis of the DSM-IV borderline personality disorder criteria in a population-based sample of 11- to 12-year-old children. Personal Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 4(1), 15–22.
Millon, T. (2006). Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III manual (3rd ed.). Minneapolis, MN: NCS Pearson.
Morey, L. C. (1991). Personality assessment inventory professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Morey, L. C. (2007). Personality assessment inventory-adolescent: Professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Morris, E. F. (2000). Assessment practices with African Americans: Combining standard assessment measures within an Africentric orientation. In R. H. Dana (Ed.), Handbook of cross-cultural and multicultural personality assessment (pp. 573–603). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Muntaner, C., & Parsons, P. E. (1996). Income, stratification, class and health insurance. International Journal of Health Services, 26, 655–671.
Neckerman, K. M., & Kirschenman, J. (1991). Hiring strategies, racial bias, and inner-city workers. Social Problems, 38, 433–437.
Neighbors, H. W., Trierweiler, S. J., Munday, C., Thompson, E. E., Jackson, J. S., Binion, V. J., & Gomez, J. (1999). Psychiatric diagnosis of African Americans: diagnostic divergence in clinician-structured and semistructured interviewing conditions. Journal of the National Medical Association, 91(11), 601–612.
Noblin, J. L., Venta, A., & Sharp, C. (2013). The Validity of the MSI-BPD among inpatient adolescents. Assessment, 21(2), 210–217. doi:10.1177/1073191112473177.
Okazaki, S., & Sue, S. (2003). Methodological issues in assessment research with ethnic minorities. In A. Kazdin (Ed.), Methodological issues and strategies in clinical research (3rd ed., pp. 349–367). Washington: American Psychological Association.
Pfohl, B., Blum, N., & Zimmerman, M. (1997). Structured interview for DSM-IV personality: SIDP-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.
Robins, L. N., & Regier, D. A. (1991). Psychiatric disorders in America: The epidemiologic catchment area study. New York: Free Press.
Santor, D. A., Ramsay, J. O., & Zuroff, D. C. (1994). Nonparametric item analyses of the beck depression inventory: Evaluating gender item bias and response option weights. Psychological Assessment, 6(3), 255–270.
Schinka, J. A., & LaLone, L. (1997). MMPI-2 norms: Comparisons with a census-matched subsample. Psychological Assessment, 9, 307–311.
Sellers, R. M., & Shelton, J. N. (2003). The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(5), 1079–1092.
Sellers, R. M., Caldwell, C. H., Schmeelk-Cone, K. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2003). Racial identity, racial discrimination, perceived stress, and psychological distress among African American young adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 302–317.
Sellers, R. M., Copeland–Linder, N., Martin, P. P., & Lewis, R. H. (2006). Racial identity matters: The relationship between racial discrimination and psychological functioning in African American adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16(2), 187–216.
Sharp, C., & Kine, S. (2008). The assessment of juvenile psychopathy: Strengths and weaknesses of currently used questionnaire measures. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 13(2), 85–95.
Sharp, C., Goodyer, I. M., & Croudace, T. J. (2006). The short mood and feelings questionnaire (SMFQ): A unidimensional item response theory and categorical data factor analysis of self-report ratings from a community sample of 7-through 11-year-old children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(3), 379–391.
Sharp, C., Green, K., Venta, A., Pettit, J., & Zanarini, M. C. (2012a). The incremental validity of borderline personality disorder relative to major depressive disorder for suicidal ideation and deliberate self-harm in adolescents. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(6), 927–938.
Sharp, C., Ha, C., Michonski, J., Venta, A., & Carbone, C. (2012b). Borderline personality disorder in adolescents: Evidence in support of the childhood interview for DSM-IV borderline personality disorder in a sample of adolescent inpatients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53(6), 765–774.
Sharp, C., Steinberg, L., Yaroslavsky, I., Hofmeyr, A., Dellis, A., Ross, D., & Kincaid, H. (2012c). An item response theory analysis of the problem gambling severity index. Assessment, 19(2), 167–175. doi:10.1177/1073191111418296.
Shedler, J., Beck, A., Fonagy, P., Gabbard, G. O., Gunderson, J., Kernberg, O., Michels, R., & Westen, D. (2010). Personality disorders in DSM-5. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(9), 1026–1028.
Shedler, J., & Westen, D. (2007). The Shedler–Westen assessment procedure (SWAP): making personality diagnosis clinically meaningful. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89(1), 41–55.
Skeem, J. L., & Cooke, D. J. (2010). Is criminal behavior a central component of psychopathy? Conceptual directions for resolving the debate. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 433–445.
Skodol, A. E., Bender, D. S., Morey, L. C., Clark, L. A., Oldham, J. M., Alarcon, R. D., Krueger, R. F., Verheul, R., Bell, C. C., & Siever, L. J. (2011). Personality disorder types proposed for DSM-5. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(2), 136–169.
Snowden, L. R. (2001). Barriers to effective mental health services for African Americans. Mental Health Services Research, 3(4), 181–187.
Stuart, R. B. (2004). Twelve practical suggestions for achieving multicultural competence. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 35(1), 3–9.
Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2008). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice. New York: Wiley.
Sturek, J. C., Loper, A. B., & Warren, J. I. (2008). Psychopathy in female inmates: The SCID-II Personality Questionnaire and the PCL-R. Psychological Services, 5(4), 309–319.
Sullivan, E. A., Abramowitz, C. S., Lopez, M., & Kosson, D. S. (2006). Reliability and construct validity of the psychopathy checklist-revised for Latino, European American, and African American male inmates. Psychological Assessment, 18(4), 382–392.
Tellegen, A., Ben-Porath, Y. S., McNulty, J., Arbisi, P., Graham, J. R., & Kaemmer, B. (2003). The MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) scales: Development, validation, and interpretation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Thompson, V. L. S., Bazile, A., & Akbar, M. (2004). African Americans’ perceptions of psychotherapy and psychotherapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35(1), 19–26.
Timbrook, R. E., & Graham, J. R. (1994). Ethnic differences on the MMPI-2? Psychological Assessment, 6, 212–217.
Velasquez, R. J., Ayala, G. X., Mendoza, S., Nezami, E., Castillo-Canez, I., Pace, T., Choney, S. K., Gomez, F.C., Jr., & Miles, L. E. (2000). Culturally competent use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 with minorities. In I. Cuellar & F. A. Paniagua (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural mental health: Assessment and treatment of diverse populations (pp. 390–412). San Diego: Academic Press.
Vitale, J. E., Smith, S. S., Brinkley, C. A., & Newman, J. P. (2002). The reliability and validity of the psychopathy checklist-revised in a sample of female offenders. Criminal justice and behavior, 29(2), 202–231.
Waller, N. G., Thompson, J. S., & Wenk, E. (2000). Using IRT to separate measurement bias from true group differences on homogeneous and heterogeneous scales: An illustration with the MMPI. Psychological Methods, 5, 125–146.
Westen, D., Shedler, J., Durrett, C., Glass, S., & Martens, A. (2003). Personality diagnoses in adolescence: DSM-IV axis II diagnoses and an empirically derived alternative. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(5), 952–966.
Westen, D., Waller, N., Blagov, P., Shedler, J., & Bradley, R. (2007). Measuring pathological personality traits by clinician-reports using the SWAP-II: Factor structure, validity, and retest reliability. Unpublished manuscript.
Widiger, T. A., & Boyd, S. E. (2009). Personality disorders assessment instruments. In J. N. Butcher (Ed.), Oxford handbook of personality assessment (pp. 336–363). New York: Oxford University Press.
Widiger, T. A., & Chaynes, K. (2003). Current issues in the assessment of personality disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 5(1), 28–35.
Widiger, T. A., Mangine, S., Corbitt, E. M., Ellis, C. G., & Thomas, G. V. (1995). Personality Disorder Interview-IV. A semistructured interview for the assessment of personality disorders. Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Widiger, T. A., & Samuel, D. B. (2005). Diagnostic categories or dimensions? A question for the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(4), 494–504.
Williams, D. R., & Williams-Morris, R. (2000). Racism and mental health: The African American experience. Ethnicity and Health, 5(3–4), 243–268.
Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2(3), 335–351.
Williams, D. R., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. (2003). Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: Findings from community studies. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 200–208.
Zanarini, M. C. (2003). Zanarini rating scale for borderline personality disorder (ZAN-BPD): A continuous measure of DSM-IV borderline psychopathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17(3), 233– 242.
Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Chauncey, D. L., & Gunderson, J. G. (1987). The diagnostic interview for personality disorders: Interrater and test-retest reliability. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 28(6), 467– 480.
Zanarini, M. C., Gunderson, J. G., Frankenburg, F. R., & Chauncey, D. L. (1989). The revised diagnostic interview for borderlines: discriminating BPD from other axis II disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 3(1), 10–18.
Ziegenbein, M., Calliess, I. T., Sieberer, M., & Machleidt, W. (2008). Personality disorders in a cross-cultural perspective: Impact of culture and migration on diagnosis and etiological aspects. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 4(1), 39–47.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kalpakci, A., Sharp, C. (2015). Assessing for Personality Disorders in the African American Client. In: Benuto, L., Leany, B. (eds) Guide to Psychological Assessment with African Americans. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1004-5_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1004-5_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1003-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1004-5
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)