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Stem Cell Therapies in Neurology

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Book cover Adult Stem Cell Therapies: Alternatives to Plasticity

Part of the book series: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine ((STEMCELL))

Abstract

Cells of the central nervous system were once thought to be incapable of regeneration. This brain repair limitation makes neurological disorders particularly devastating as the associated degeneration was thought to be irreversible. However, recent advances in the understanding of stem cells and endogenous repair systems of the central nervous system have led to the development of potential neuroregenerative therapies. Pluripotent embryonic stem cells have shown promise in alleviating deficits associated with Parkinson’s disease and cerebral ischemia. However, their substantial capacity for proliferation also puts them at a high risk of becoming tumorigenic. Multipotent adult stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult bone marrow, are more limited in their differentiating capacity, but do not possess the same risk of teratoma formation as embryonic and fetal stem cells. While embryonic and adult stem cell therapies commonly focus on cell replacement, recent studies are also evaluating the efficacy of using stem cells to stimulate endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms via secretion of therapeutic molecules. While substantial progress in the use of stem cells has been made, potential cell-based therapies remain hindered by numerous optimization challenges associated with translation of the cell transplant regimen from the laboratory to the clinic. In order to optimize stem cell therapy, translational factors such as cell dosage, route of administration, type of transplant (autologous or allogenic), and the use of immunosuppression require critical assessment of safety and efficacy for clinical applications.

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Abbreviations

CNS:

Central nervous system

GDNF:

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor

HSC:

Hematopoietic stem cell

MSC:

Mesenchymal stem cell

NPC:

Neural progenitor cell

NSC:

Neural stem cell

SNc:

Substantia nigra pars compacta

VSELs:

Very small embryonic-like stem cells

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 33612, Tampa, FL, USA

    Naoki Tajiri, Meaghan Staples, Sandra Acosta, Mibel Pabon, Travis Dailey, Yuji Kaneko & Cesar V. Borlongan PhD

Authors
  1. Naoki Tajiri
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  2. Meaghan Staples
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  3. Sandra Acosta
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  4. Mibel Pabon
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  5. Travis Dailey
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  6. Yuji Kaneko
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  7. Cesar V. Borlongan PhD
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Correspondence to Cesar V. Borlongan PhD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Louisville, Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA

    Mariusz Z. Ratajczak

Conclusion

Conclusion

The limited capacity for neurogenesis in the human CNS makes neurological disease especially difficult to treat. Stem cell research may play an important role in the treatment of neurological diseases through cell replacement and stimulation of endogenous repair systems. However, there are still numerous questions that remain unanswered with regard to stem cell therapies . Several topics of investigation include optimal cell type and dosage, mechanism of action, and route of administration. These answers depend largely on the targeted disease and desired mechanism of action. As discussed, recent studies have also found success in using stem cells as trophic factors. The use of genetically modified stem cells shows promise in correcting degenerative disorders by over expressing and stimulating the secretion of endogenous neurotrophic factors. The efficacy of stem cell therapies will likely be related to the extent of which the cells exhibit trophic factors, and other secreted therapeutic molecules (e.g., anti-inflammatory chemokies and cytokines). While substantial progress has been made in neuroregenerative stem cell therapies, further investigation is needed to optimize them for clinical use.

Acknowledgments

The Borlongan Laboratory is supported by NIH NINDS UO15U01NS055914-04, NIH NINDS R01NS071956-01, James and Esther King Foundation for Biomedical Research Program, Department of Defense TATRC Program, USF Signature Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, San Bio Inc., Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, KMPHC, and Neural Stem Inc. CVB has patents and pending patents on cell therapy.

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Tajiri, N. et al. (2014). Stem Cell Therapies in Neurology. In: Ratajczak, M. (eds) Adult Stem Cell Therapies: Alternatives to Plasticity. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1001-4_7

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