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Adult Stem Cell Therapies: Alternatives to Plasticity pp 251–263Cite as

Stem Cells in Infection and Sepsis

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Part of the book series: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine ((STEMCELL))

Abstract

Severe infections, sepsis, and septic shock remain a major cause of death in the critically ill patients. Activation of systemic response to infection and disruption of most regulatory axes in the body lead to tissue injury and the development of organ failure. Moreover, reprogramming of the immune system results in the unsuccessful fight with pathogens and is the cause of vulnerability to nosocomial infections. Stem cell therapies may be a tempting option for treatment of this septic-induced organ injury. Also, a growing body of evidence supports the notion that different stem cell subpopulations may directly sense the pathogens and interact with the components of the immune system. This chapter covers the known interactions between hematopoietic, endothelial, and mesenchymal stem cells and the immune response during sepsis. We discuss potential applications of different stem cells in the therapy of sepsis and review available experimental data are reviewed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, The Centre of Medical Postgraduate Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813, Warsaw, Poland

    Tomasz Skirecki, Grażyna Hoser & Jerzy Kawiak

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  1. Tomasz Skirecki
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  2. Grażyna Hoser
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  3. Jerzy Kawiak
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Correspondence to Jerzy Kawiak .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Louisville, Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA

    Mariusz Z. Ratajczak

Conclusions and Therapeutic Perspectives

Conclusions and Therapeutic Perspectives

Although the investigations of the role of stem cells in the pathophysiology of sepsis and their potent therapeutic applications do not have a long record, there is an increasing body of evidence indicating the significance of these cells in sepsis. It should be highlighted that sepsis evokes extremely complex and overlapping responses which challenges the studies of the particular cell types. Direct effects of bacterial compounds, hypercytokinemia (also referred as cytokine storm), activation of complement cascade and coagulation systems, and release of damage-associated patterns from injured cells contribute to the septic milieu and change dynamically. Having appreciated the complexity of these interactions, one should carefully interpret the effects of single septic-related stimuli on the stem cells. The function of stem cells as guardians counteracting the deleterious effects of sepsis is unraveled, but the abovementioned evidence suggests such role for the hematopoietic, endothelial, and mesenchymal stem cells. Such role of endogenous stem cells may provide a new target of therapies enhancing their protective capacities. Moreover, the unique capacities of stem cells may become a basis for the transplantation of exogenous (either auto- or allogenic) cells or their derivatives (such as microvesicles). The encouraging trails with MSCs performed in animal models are likely to be soon transmitted to the clinical settings. First positive trials with exogenous EPCs in the endotoxemic mouse are also reported [21]. Adoptive transfer of murine CD34 + hematopoietic progenitor cells decreases mortality and improves late immune response by generation of competent macrophages and rebalancing the immune response [7]. Stimulation and mobilization of HSCs and EPCs by G-CSF in septic shock patients is also possible [60]. However, the introduction of successful stem-cell-based therapies in sepsis requires careful and profound understanding of their mechanisms of action under inflammatory conditions.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Zofia Herbich for her help in preparation of the figures. Supported by EU Structural Funds, “Innovative methods of stem cells applications in medicine,” Innovative Economy Operational Programme, POIG 01.02−00-109/09.

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Skirecki, T., Hoser, G., Kawiak, J. (2014). Stem Cells in Infection and Sepsis. In: Ratajczak, M. (eds) Adult Stem Cell Therapies: Alternatives to Plasticity. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1001-4_15

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