Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Emerging Roles for Glial Pathology in Addiction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pathological Potential of Neuroglia

Abstract

Addiction to drugs of abuse is a debilitating chronic disease, for which long-term treatment success rates are low. Because of the human and financial cost of addiction, considerable effort is dedicated toward understanding the processes that initiate and sustain substance abuse disorders. Among these processes, growing evidence indicates an integral contribution of glial cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. For example, decreased white matter content and integrity in the prefrontal cortex is correlated with impaired prefrontal cognitive control, a cardinal feature of addiction pathology. In addition, decreased astroglial plasma membrane glutamate transport in the nucleus accumbens is a critical mediator of seeking for multiple classes of drugs of abuse. The following chapter introduces addiction neurocircuitry, and goes on to describe drug-dependent changes in glial cells that have been identified within this circuitry. Special emphasis is given to drug-induced impairments in the physiological relationships between neurons and glia. Lastly, evidence for the therapeutic potential of glial-specific targets is discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbott NJ, Patabendige AA, Dolman DE, Yusof SR, Begley DJ (2010) Structure and function of the blood-brain barrier. Neurobiol Dis 37:13–25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abbracchio MP, Burnstock G, Boeynaems JM, Barnard EA, Boyer JL, Kennedy C, Knight GE, Fumagalli M, Gachet C, Jacobson KA, Weisman GA (2006) International union of pharmacology LVIII: update on the P2Y G protein-coupled nucleotide receptors: from molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology to therapy. Pharmacol Rev 58:281–341

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Agulhon C, Petravicz J, McMullen AB, Sweger EJ, Minton SK, Taves SR, Casper KB, Fiacco TA, McCarthy KD (2008) What is the role of astrocyte calcium in neurophysiology? Neuron 59:932–946

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Airavaara M, Pickens CL, Stern AL, Wihbey KA, Harvey BK, Bossert JM, Liu QR, Hoffer BJ, Shaham Y (2011) Endogenous GDNF in ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens does not play a role in the incubation of heroin craving. Addict Biol 16:261–272

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Albertson DN, Pruetz B, Schmidt CJ, Kuhn DM, Kapatos G, Bannon MJ (2004) Gene expression profile of the nucleus accumbens of human cocaine abusers: evidence for dysregulation of myelin. J Neurochem 88:1211–1219

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson CM, Swanson RA (2000) Astrocyte glutamate transport: review of properties, regulation, and physiological functions. Glia 32:1–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson KV, Bokla L, Nusslein-Volhard C (1985) Establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in the drosophila embryo: the induction of polarity by the toll gene product. Cell 42:791–798

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Araque A, Parpura V, Sanzgiri RP, Haydon PG (1999) Tripartite synapses: glia, the unacknowledged partner. Trends Neurosci 22:208–215

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker DA, Shen H, Kalivas PW (2002a) Cystine/glutamate exchange serves as the source for extracellular glutamate: modifications by repeated cocaine administration. Amino acids 23:161–162

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker DA, Xi ZX, Shen H, Swanson CJ, Kalivas PW (2002b) The origin and neuronal function of in vivo nonsynaptic glutamate. J Neurosci 22:9134–9141

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker DA, McFarland K, Lake RW, Shen H, Tang XC, Toda S, Kalivas PW (2003) Neuroadaptations in cystine-glutamate exchange underlie cocaine relapse. Nat Neurosci 6:743–749

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee S, Bhat MA (2007) Neuron-glial interactions in blood-brain barrier formation. Ann Rev Neurosci 30:235–258

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bannon M, Kapatos G, Albertson D (2005) Gene expression profiling in the brains of human cocaine abusers. Addict Biol 10:119–126

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barres BA (2008) The mystery and magic of glia: a perspective on their roles in health and disease. Neuron 60:430–440

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartzokis G, Beckson M, Lu PH, Edwards N, Rapoport R, Wiseman E, Bridge P (2000) Age-related brain volume reductions in amphetamine and cocaine addicts and normal controls: implications for addiction research. Psychiatry Res 98:93–102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartzokis G, Beckson M, Lu PH, Edwards N, Bridge P, Mintz J (2002) Brain maturation may be arrested in chronic cocaine addicts. Biol Psychiatry 51:605–611

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behrens PF, Franz P, Woodman B, Lindenberg KS, Landwehrmeyer GB (2002) Impaired glutamate transport and glutamate-glutamine cycling: downstream effects of the Huntington mutation. Brain 125:1908–1922

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beitner-Johnson D, Guitart X, Nestler EJ (1993) Glial fibrillary acidic protein and the mesolimbic dopamine system: regulation by chronic morphine and Lewis-Fischer strain differences in the rat ventral tegmental area. J Neurochem 61:1766–1773

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belanger M, Allaman I, Magistretti PJ (2011) Brain energy metabolism: focus on astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation. Cell Metab 14:724–738

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ben Achour S, Pascual O (2012) Astrocyte-neuron communication: functional consequences. Neurochem Res 37:2464–2473

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berk M, Malhi GS, Gray LJ, Dean OM (2013) The promise of N-acetylcysteine in neuropsychiatry. Trends Pharmacol Sci 34:167–177

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bezzi P, Volterra A (2001) A neuron-glia signalling network in the active brain. Curr Opin Neurobiol 11:387–394

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binns BC, Huang Y, Goettl VM, Hackshaw KV, Stephens RL Jr (2005) Glutamate uptake is attenuated in spinal deep dorsal and ventral horn in the rat spinal nerve ligation model. Brain Res 1041:38–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Botreau F, Paolone G, Stewart J (2006) d-Cycloserine facilitates extinction of a cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. Behav Brain Res 172:173–178

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowers MS, Kalivas PW (2003) Forebrain astroglial plasticity is induced following withdrawal from repeated cocaine administration. Eur J Neurosci 17:1273–1278

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley SJ, Challiss RA (2012) G protein-coupled receptor signalling in astrocytes in health and disease: a focus on metabotropic glutamate receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 84:249–259

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown RM, Short JL, Cowen MS, Ledent C, Lawrence AJ (2009) A differential role for the adenosine A2A receptor in opiate reinforcement vs opiate-seeking behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 34:844–856

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buch S, Yao H, Guo M, Mori T, Mathias-Costa B, Singh V, Seth P, Wang J, Su TP (2012) Cocaine and HIV-1 interplay in CNS: cellular and molecular mechanisms. Curr HIV Res 10:425–428

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan MM, Hutchinson M, Watkins LR, Yin H (2010) Toll-like receptor 4 in CNS pathologies. J Neurochem 114:13–27

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cali C, Marchaland J, Spagnuolo P, Gremion J, Bezzi P (2009) Regulated exocytosis from astrocytes physiological and pathological related aspects. Int Rev Neurobiol 85:261–293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carnicella S, Ron D (2009) GDNF-a potential target to treat addiction. Pharmacol Therap 122:9–18

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cata JP, Weng HR, Chen JH, Dougherty PM (2006) Altered discharges of spinal wide dynamic range neurons and down-regulation of glutamate transporter expression in rats with paclitaxel-induced hyperalgesia. Neuroscience 138:329–338

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chandler RK, Fletcher BW, Volkow ND (2009) Treating drug abuse and addiction in the criminal justice system: improving public health and safety. JAMA 301:183–190

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen BT, Hopf FW, Bonci A (2010) Synaptic plasticity in the mesolimbic system: therapeutic implications for substance abuse. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1187:129–139

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen BT, Yau HJ, Hatch C, Kusumoto-Yoshida I, Cho SL, Hopf FW, Bonci A (2013) Rescuing cocaine-induced prefrontal cortex hypoactivity prevents compulsive cocaine seeking. Nature 496:359–362

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung WS, Barres BA (2012) The role of glial cells in synapse elimination. Curr Opin Neurobiol 22:438–445

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper ZD, Jones JD, Comer SD (2012) Glial modulators: a novel pharmacological approach to altering the behavioral effects of abused substances. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 21:169–178

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Courtwright DT (2012) Addiction and the science of history. Addiction 107:486–492

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crews FT, Zou J, Qin L (2011) Induction of innate immune genes in brain create the neurobiology of addiction. Brain Behav Immun 25(Suppl 1):S4–S12

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen KM, Halliday GM (1994) Chronic alcoholics have substantial glial pathology in the forebrain and diencephalon. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl 2:253–257

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curcio L, Podda MV, Leone L, Piacentini R, Mastrodonato A, Cappelletti P, Sacchi S, Pollegioni L, Grassi C, D’Ascenzo M (2013) Reduced D-serine levels in the nucleus accumbens of cocaine-treated rats hinder the induction of NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity. Brain 136:1216–1230

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D’Ascenzo M, Fellin T, Terunuma M, Revilla-Sanchez R, Meaney DF, Auberson YP, Moss SJ, Haydon PG (2007) mGluR5 stimulates gliotransmission in the nucleus accumbens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:1995–2000

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dackis C, O’Brien C (2005) Neurobiology of addiction: treatment and public policy ramifications. Nat Neurosci 8:1431–1436

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlin A, Xia L, Kong W, Hevner R, Wang J (2007) Expression and immunolocalization of the plasma membrane monoamine transporter in the brain. Neuroscience 146:1193–1211

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Danbolt NC (2001) Glutamate uptake. Prog Neurobiol 65:1–105

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Di Chiara G, Imperato A (1988) Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85:5274–5278

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Duarte EP, Curcio M, Canzoniero LM, Duarte CB (2012) Neuroprotection by GDNF in the ischemic brain. Growth Factors 30:242–257

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ersche KD, Jones PS, Williams GB, Robbins TW, Bullmore ET (2013) Cocaine dependence: a fast-track for brain ageing? Mol Psychiatry 18:134–135

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fattore L, Puddu MC, Picciau S, Cappai A, Fratta W, Serra GP, Spiga S (2002) Astroglial in vivo response to cocaine in mouse dentate gyrus: a quantitative and qualitative analysis by confocal microscopy. Neuroscience 110:1–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feltenstein MW, See RE (2008) The neurocircuitry of addiction: an overview. Br J Pharmacol 154:261–274

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer KD, Houston AC, Rebec GV (2013) Role of the major glutamate transporter GLT1 in nucleus accumbens core versus shell in cue-induced cocaine-seeking behavior. J Neurosci 33:9319–9327

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer-Smith KD, Houston AC, Rebec GV (2012) Differential effects of cocaine access and withdrawal on glutamate type 1 transporter expression in rat nucleus accumbens core and shell. Neuroscience 210:333–339

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher TL, Shain W (1993) Ethanol-induced changes in astrocyte gene expression during rat central nervous system development. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 17:993–1001

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Kassed CA, Chang L (2007) Imaging the addicted human brain. Sci Pract Perspect 3:4–16

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Franke H (1995) Influence of chronic alcohol treatment on the GFAP-immunoreactivity in astrocytes of the hippocampus in rats. Acta Histochem 97:263–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin TR, Acton PD, Maldjian JA, Gray JD, Croft JR, Dackis CA, O’Brien CP, Childress AR (2002) Decreased gray matter concentration in the insular, orbitofrontal, cingulate, and temporal cortices of cocaine patients. Biol Psychiatry 51:134–142

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friend DM, Keefe KA (2013) Glial reactivity in resistance to methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. J Neurochem 125:566–574

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fuente-Martin E, Garcia-Caceres C, Granado M, de Ceballos ML, Sanchez-Garrido MA, Sarman B, Liu ZW, Dietrich MO, Tena-Sempere M, Argente-Arizon P, Diaz F, Argente J, Horvath TL, Chowen JA (2012) Leptin regulates glutamate and glucose transporters in hypothalamic astrocytes. J Clinical Investig 122:3900–3913

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Genoud C, Quairiaux C, Steiner P, Hirling H, Welker E, Knott GW (2006) Plasticity of astrocytic coverage and glutamate transporter expression in adult mouse cortex. PLoS Biol 4:e343

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • George O, Koob GF (2010) Individual differences in prefrontal cortex function and the transition from drug use to drug dependence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35:232–247

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • George O, Mandyam CD, Wee S, Koob GF (2008) Extended access to cocaine self-administration produces long-lasting prefrontal cortex-dependent working memory impairments. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:2474–2482

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ghitza UE, Zhai H, Wu P, Airavaara M, Shaham Y, Lu L (2010) Role of BDNF and GDNF in drug reward and relapse: a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35:157–171

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gipson CD, Reissner KJ, Kupchik YM, Smith AC, Stankeviciute N, Hensley-Simon ME, Kalivas PW (2013) Reinstatement of nicotine seeking is mediated by glutamatergic plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:9124–9129

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg M, De Pitta M, Volman V, Berry H, Ben-Jacob E (2010) Nonlinear gap junctions enable long-distance propagation of pulsating calcium waves in astrocyte networks. PLoS Comp Biol 6:e1000909

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND (2002) Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. Am J Psychiatry 159:1642–1652

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND (2011) Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications. Nat Rev Neurosci 12:652–669

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goodlett CR, Leo JT, O’Callaghan JP, Mahoney JC, West JR (1993) Transient cortical astrogliosis induced by alcohol exposure during the neonatal brain growth spurt in rats. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 72:85–97

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray KM, Carpenter MJ, Baker NL, DeSantis SM, Kryway E, Hartwell KJ, McRae-Clark AL, Brady KT (2012) A double-blind randomized controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine in cannabis-dependent adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 169:805–812

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Guilarte TR, Nihei MK, McGlothan JL, Howard AS (2003) Methamphetamine-induced deficits of brain monoaminergic neuronal markers: distal axotomy or neuronal plasticity. Neuroscience 122:499–513

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halassa MM, Haydon PG (2010) Integrated brain circuits: astrocytic networks modulate neuronal activity and behavior. Ann Rev Physiol 72:335–355

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanke ML, Kielian T (2011) Toll-like receptors in health and disease in the brain: mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Clin Sci 121:367–387

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser KF, Fitting S, Dever SM, Podhaizer EM, Knapp PE (2012) Opiate drug use and the pathophysiology of neuroAIDS. Curr HIV Res 10:435–452

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Haydon PG, Blendy J, Moss SJ, Rob Jackson F (2009) Astrocytic control of synaptic transmission and plasticity: a target for drugs of abuse? Neuropharmacology 56(Suppl 1):83–90

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hirst WD, Price GW, Rattray M, Wilkin GP (1998) Serotonin transporters in adult rat brain astrocytes revealed by [3H]5-HT uptake into glial plasmalemmal vesicles. Neurochem Int 33:11–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson MR, Shavit Y, Grace PM, Rice KC, Maier SF, Watkins LR (2011) Exploring the neuroimmunopharmacology of opioids: an integrative review of mechanisms of central immune signaling and their implications for opioid analgesia. Pharmacol Rev 63:772–810

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson MR et al (2012) Opioid activation of toll-like receptor 4 contributes to drug reinforcement. J Neurosci 32:11187–11200

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hyman SE, Malenka RC, Nestler EJ (2006) Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memory. Ann Rev Neurosci 29:565–598

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inazu M, Kubota N, Takeda H, Zhang J, Kiuchi Y, Oguchi K, Matsumiya T (1999) Pharmacological characterization of dopamine transport in cultured rat astrocytes. Life Sci 64:2239–2245

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inazu M, Takeda H, Matsumiya T (2003) Expression and functional characterization of the extraneuronal monoamine transporter in normal human astrocytes. J Neurochem 84:43–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob CP, Koutsilieri E, Bartl J, Neuen-Jacob E, Arzberger T, Zander N, Ravid R, Roggendorf W, Riederer P, Grunblatt E (2007) Alterations in expression of glutamatergic transporters and receptors in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 11:97–116

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang J, Amara SG (2011) New views of glutamate transporter structure and function: advances and challenges. Neuropharmacology 60:172–181

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kalivas PW (2009) The glutamate homeostasis hypothesis of addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:561–572

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalivas PW, Volkow ND (2005) The neural basis of addiction: a pathology of motivation and choice. Am J Psychiatry 162:1403–1413

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalivas PW, Volkow ND (2011) New medications for drug addiction hiding in glutamatergic neuroplasticity. Mol Psychiatry 16:974–986

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kalivas PW, Volkow N, Seamans J (2005) Unmanageable motivation in addiction: a pathology in prefrontal-accumbens glutamate transmission. Neuron 45:647–650

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karakaya S, Kipp M, Beyer C (2007) Oestrogen regulates the expression and function of dopamine transporters in astrocytes of the nigrostriatal system. J Neuroendocrinol 19:682–690

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawai T, Akira S (2006) TLR signaling. Cell Death Differ 13:816–825

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelamangalath L, Wagner JJ (2010) D-serine treatment reduces cocaine-primed reinstatement in rats following extended access to cocaine self-administration. Neuroscience 169:1127–1135

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Khan ZU, Koulen P, Rubinstein M, Grandy DK, Goldman-Rakic PS (2001) An astroglia-linked dopamine D2-receptor action in prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:1964–1969

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kimelberg HK, Katz DM (1985) High-affinity uptake of serotonin into immunocytochemically identified astrocytes. Science 228:889–891

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kittel-Schneider S, Kenis G, Schek J, van den Hove D, Prickaerts J, Lesch KP, Steinbusch H, Reif A (2012) Expression of monoamine transporters, nitric oxide synthase 3, and neurotrophin genes in antidepressant-stimulated astrocytes. Front Psychiatry 3:33

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Knackstedt LA, LaRowe S, Mardikian P, Malcolm R, Upadhyaya H, Hedden S, Markou A, Kalivas PW (2009) The role of cystine-glutamate exchange in nicotine dependence in rats and humans. Biol Psychiatry 65:841–845

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Knackstedt LA, Melendez RI, Kalivas PW (2010) Ceftriaxone restores glutamate homeostasis and prevents relapse to cocaine seeking. Biol Psychiatry 67:81–84

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Koob GF, Nestler EJ (1997) The neurobiology of drug addiction. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 9:482–497

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koob GF, Volkow ND (2010) Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:217–238

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kousik SM, Napier TC, Carvey PM (2012) The effects of psychostimulant drugs on blood brain barrier function and neuroinflammation. Front Pharmacol 3:121

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kovalevich J, Corley G, Yen W, Rawls SM, Langford D (2012) Cocaine-induced loss of white matter proteins in the adult mouse nucleus accumbens is attenuated by administration of a beta-lactam antibiotic during cocaine withdrawal. Am J Pathol 181:1921–1927

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kristiansen LV, Bannon MJ, Meador-Woodruff JH (2009) Expression of transcripts for myelin related genes in postmortem brain from cocaine abusers. Neurochem Res 34:46–54

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger M, Bechmann I (2010) CNS pericytes: concepts, misconceptions, and a way out. Glia 58:1–10

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lalumiere RT, Kalivas PW (2007) Reward and drugs of abuse. In: Kesner RP, Martinez JL (eds) Neurobiology of learning and memory. Academic, New York, pp 459–482

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane SD, Steinberg JL, Ma L, Hasan KM, Kramer LA, Zuniga EA, Narayana PA, Moeller FG (2010) Diffusion tensor imaging and decision making in cocaine dependence. PLoS ONE 5:e11591

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • LaRowe SD, Myrick H, Hedden S, Mardikian P, Saladin M, McRae A, Brady K, Kalivas PW, Malcolm R (2007) Is cocaine desire reduced by N-acetylcysteine? Am J Psychiatry 164:1115–1117

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaRowe SD, Kalivas PW, Nicholas JS, Randall PK, Mardikian PN, Malcolm RJ (2013) A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of cocaine dependence. Am J Addict 22:443–452

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Bihan D, Mangin JF, Poupon C, Clark CA, Pappata S, Molko N, Chabriat H (2001) Diffusion tensor imaging: concepts and applications. J Magn Reson Imaging 13:534–546

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lemaitre B, Nicolas E, Michaut L, Reichhart JM, Hoffmann JA (1996) The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spatzle/toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell 86:973–983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leshner AI (1997) Addiction is a brain disease, and it matters. Science 278:45–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewerenz J, Hewett SJ, Huang Y, Lambros M, Gout PW, Kalivas PW, Massie A, Smolders I, Methner A, Pergande M, Smith SB, Ganapathy V, Maher P (2013) The cystine/glutamate antiporter system x(c)(-) in health and disease: from molecular mechanisms to novel therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 18:522–555

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lim JC, Donaldson PJ (2011) Focus on molecules: the cystine/glutamate exchanger (System x(c)(-)). Exp Eye Res 92:162–163

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim KO, Choi SJ, Pomara N, Wolkin A, Rotrosen JP (2002) Reduced frontal white matter integrity in cocaine dependence: a controlled diffusion tensor imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 51:890–895

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim KO, Wozniak JR, Mueller BA, Franc DT, Specker SM, Rodriguez CP, Silverman AB, Rotrosen JP (2008) Brain macrostructural and microstructural abnormalities in cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 92:164–172

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lu L, Wang X, Wu P, Xu C, Zhao M, Morales M, Harvey BK, Hoffer BJ, Shaham Y (2009) Role of ventral tegmental area glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in incubation of cocaine craving. Biol Psychiatry 66:137–145

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Luscher C, Malenka RC (2011) Drug-evoked synaptic plasticity in addiction: from molecular changes to circuit remodeling. Neuron 69:650–663

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mameli M, Luscher C (2011) Synaptic plasticity and addiction: learning mechanisms gone awry. Neuropharmacology 61:1052–1059

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mameli M, Halbout B, Creton C, Engblom D, Parkitna JR, Spanagel R, Luscher C (2009) Cocaine-evoked synaptic plasticity: persistence in the VTA triggers adaptations in the NAc. Nat Neurosci 12:1036–1041

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mann K, Kiefer F, Spanagel R, Littleton J (2008) Acamprosate: recent findings and future research directions. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32:1105–1110

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez D, Narendran R (2010) Imaging neurotransmitter release by drugs of abuse. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 3:219–245

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masliah E, Alford M, DeTeresa R, Mallory M, Hansen L (1996) Deficient glutamate transport is associated with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol 40:759–766

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McFarland K, Lapish CC, Kalivas PW (2003) Prefrontal glutamate release into the core of the nucleus accumbens mediates cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. J Neurosci 23:3531–3537

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGinty VB, Hayden BY, Heilbronner SR, Dumont EC, Graves SM, Mirrione MM, du Hoffmann J, Sartor GC, Espana RA, Millan EZ, Difeliceantonio AG, Marchant NJ, Napier TC, Root DH, Borgland SL, Treadway MT, Floresco SB, McGinty JF, Haber S (2011) Emerging, reemerging, and forgotten brain areas of the reward circuit: notes from the 2010 motivational neural networks conference. Behav Brain Res 225:348–357

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Melendez RI, Hicks MP, Cagle SS, Kalivas PW (2005) Ethanol exposure decreases glutamate uptake in the nucleus accumbens. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29:326–333

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miguel-Hidalgo JJ (2005) Lower packing density of glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive astrocytes in the prelimbic cortex of alcohol-naive and alcohol-drinking alcohol-preferring rats as compared with alcohol-nonpreferring and Wistar rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29:766–772

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Miyazaki I, Asanuma M, Diaz-Corrales FJ, Miyoshi K, Ogawa N (2004) Direct evidence for expression of dopamine receptors in astrocytes from basal ganglia. Brain Res 1029:120–123

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mookherjee P, Green PS, Watson GS, Marques MA, Tanaka K, Meeker KD, Meabon JS, Li N, Zhu P, Olson VG, Cook DG (2011) GLT-1 loss accelerates cognitive deficit onset in an Alzheimer’s disease animal model. J Alzheimers Dis 26:447–455

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morgello S, Uson RR, Schwartz EJ, Haber RS (1995) The human blood-brain barrier glucose transporter (GLUT1) is a glucose transporter of gray matter astrocytes. Glia 14:43–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moussawi K, Kalivas PW (2010) Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu2/3) in drug addiction. Eur J Pharmacol 639:115–122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moussawi K, Riegel A, Nair S, Kalivas PW (2011) Extracellular glutamate: functional compartments operate in different concentration ranges. Front Syst Neurosci 5:94

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Myers KM, Carlezon WA, Jr. (2012) D-cycloserine effects on extinction of conditioned responses to drug-related cues. Biol Psychiatry 71:947–955

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nagasawa K, Kawasaki F, Tanaka A, Nagai K, Fujimoto S (2007) Characterization of guanine and guanosine transport in primary cultured rat cortical astrocytes and neurons. Glia 55:1397–1404

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Najlerahim A, Francis PT, Bowen DM (1990) Age-related alteration in excitatory amino acid neurotransmission in rat brain. Neurobiol Aging 11:155–158

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narayana PA, Ahobila-Vajjula P, Ramu J, Herrera J, Steinberg JL, Moeller FG (2009) Diffusion tensor imaging of cocaine-treated rodents. Psychiatry Res 171:242–251

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Navarrete M, Araque A (2008) Endocannabinoids mediate neuron-astrocyte communication. Neuron 57:883–893

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navarrete M, Araque A (2010) Endocannabinoids potentiate synaptic transmission through stimulation of astrocytes. Neuron 68:113–126

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nestler EJ, Aghajanian GK (1997) Molecular and cellular basis of addiction. Science 278:58–63

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Malley EK, Sieber BA, Black IB, Dreyfus CF (1992) Mesencephalic type I astrocytes mediate the survival of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in culture. Brain Res 582:65–70

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill CE, LeTendre ML, Bachtell RK (2012) Adenosine A2A receptors in the nucleus accumbens bi-directionally alter cocaine seeking in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 37:1245–1256

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ohno M, Watanabe S (1996) D-cycloserine, a glycine site agonist, reverses working memory failure by hippocampal muscarinic receptor blockade in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 318:267–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olive MF, Cleva RM, Kalivas PW, Malcolm RJ (2012) Glutamatergic medications for the treatment of drug and behavioral addictions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 100:801–810

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ossipov MH, Lai J, King T, Vanderah TW, Porreca F (2005) Underlying mechanisms of pronociceptive consequences of prolonged morphine exposure. Biopolymers 80:319–324

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paolone G, Botreau F, Stewart J (2009) The facilitative effects of D-cycloserine on extinction of a cocaine-induced conditioned place preference can be long lasting and resistant to reinstatement. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 202:403–409

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parpura V, Heneka MT, Montana V, Oliet SH, Schousboe A, Haydon PG, Stout RF, Jr., Spray DC, Reichenbach A, Pannicke T, Pekny M, Pekna M, Zorec R, Verkhratsky A (2012) Glial cells in (patho)physiology. J Neurochem 121:4–27

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pekny M, Nilsson M (2005) Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis. Glia 50:427–434

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfefferbaum A, Lim KO, Zipursky RB, Mathalon DH, Rosenbloom MJ, Lane B, Ha CN, Sullivan EV (1992) Brain gray and white matter volume loss accelerates with aging in chronic alcoholics: a quantitative MRI study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16:1078–1089

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce RC, Bari AA (2001) The role of neurotrophic factors in psychostimulant-induced behavioral and neuronal plasticity. Rev Neurosci 12:95–110

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pierre K, Pellerin L (2005) Monocarboxylate transporters in the central nervous system: distribution, regulation and function. J Neurochem 94:1–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pochon NA, Menoud A, Tseng JL, Zurn AD, Aebischer P (1997) Neuronal GDNF expression in the adult rat nervous system identified by in situ hybridization. Eur J Neurosci 9:463–471

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porter JT, McCarthy KD (1997) Astrocytic neurotransmitter receptors in situ and in vivo. Prog Neurobiol 51:439–455

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potier B, Billard JM, Riviere S, Sinet PM, Denis I, Champeil-Potokar G, Grintal B, Jouvenceau A, Kollen M, Dutar P (2010) Reduction in glutamate uptake is associated with extrasynaptic NMDA and metabotropic glutamate receptor activation at the hippocampal CA1 synapse of aged rats. Aging Cell 9:722–735

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qrunfleh AM, Alazizi A, Sari Y (2013) Ceftriaxone, a beta-lactam antibiotic, attenuates relapse-like ethanol-drinking behavior in alcohol-preferring rats. J Psychopharmacol 27:541–549

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Radzishevsky I, Sason H, Wolosker H (2013) D-serine: physiology and pathology. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 16:72–75

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reissner KJ, Kalivas PW (2010) Using glutamate homeostasis as a target for treating addictive disorders. Behav Pharmacol 21:514–522

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reissner KJ, Kalivas PW (2013) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of addiction. Neurobiology of mental illness, 4th edn

    Google Scholar 

  • Reissner KJ, Brown RM, Spencer S, Tran SK, Thomas CA, Kalivas PW (2014) Chronic administration of the methylxanthine propentofylline impairs reinstatement to cocaine by a GLT-1 dependent mechanism. Neuropsychopharmacology (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rintala J, Jaatinen P, Kiianmaa K, Riikonen J, Kemppainen O, Sarviharju M, Hervonen A (2001) Dose-dependent decrease in glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactivity in rat cerebellum after lifelong ethanol consumption. Alcohol 23:1–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rippeth JD, Heaton RK, Carey CL, Marcotte TD, Moore DJ, Gonzalez R, Wolfson T, Grant I, Group H (2004) Methamphetamine dependence increases risk of neuropsychological impairment in HIV infected persons. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 10:1–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothstein JD, Patel S, Regan MR, Haenggeli C, Huang YH, Bergles DE, Jin L, Dykes Hoberg M, Vidensky S, Chung DS, Toan SV, Bruijn LI, Su ZZ, Gupta P, Fisher PB (2005) Beta-lactam antibiotics offer neuroprotection by increasing glutamate transporter expression. Nature 433:73–77

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saransaari P, Oja SS (1995) Age-related changes in the uptake and release of glutamate and aspartate in the mouse brain. Mech Ageing Dev 81:61–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sari Y, Smith KD, Ali PK, Rebec GV (2009) Upregulation of GLT1 attenuates cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. J Neurosci 29:9239–9243

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sari Y, Sreemantula SN, Lee MR, Choi DS (2013) Ceftriaxone treatment affects the levels of GLT1 and ENT1 as well as ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring rats. J Mol Neurosci 51:779–787

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaar DG, Sieber BA, Dreyfus CF, Black IB (1993) Regional and cell-specific expression of GDNF in rat brain. Exp Neurol 124:368–371

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlaepfer TE, Lancaster E, Heidbreder R, Strain EC, Kosel M, Fisch HU, Pearlson GD (2006) Decreased frontal white-matter volume in chronic substance abuse. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 9:147–153

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shao W, Zhang SZ, Tang M, Zhang XH, Zhou Z, Yin YQ, Zhou QB, Huang YY, Liu YJ, Wawrousek E, Chen T, Li SB, Xu M, Zhou JN, Hu G, Zhou JW (2013) Suppression of neuroinflammation by astrocytic dopamine D2 receptors via alphaB-crystallin. Nature 494:90–94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shigetomi E, Tong X, Kwan KY, Corey DP, Khakh BS (2012) TRPA1 channels regulate astrocyte resting calcium and inhibitory synapse efficacy through GAT-3. Nat Neurosci 15:70–80

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sim ME, Lyoo IK, Streeter CC, Covell J, Sarid-Segal O, Ciraulo DA, Kim MJ, Kaufman MJ, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Renshaw PF (2007) Cerebellar gray matter volume correlates with duration of cocaine use in cocaine-dependent subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 32:2229–2237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson JE, Ince PG, Lace G, Forster G, Shaw PJ, Matthews F, Savva G, Brayne C, Wharton SB, Function MRCC, Ageing Neuropathology Study G (2010) Astrocyte phenotype in relation to Alzheimer-type pathology in the ageing brain. Neurobiol Aging 31:578–590

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sofroniew MV (2009) Molecular dissection of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation. Trends Neurosci 32:638–647

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sofroniew MV, Vinters HV (2010) Astrocytes: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol 119:7–35

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Song P, Zhao ZQ (2001) The involvement of glial cells in the development of morphine tolerance. Neurosci Res 39:281–286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorg SF, Taylor MJ, Alhassoon OM, Gongvatana A, Theilmann RJ, Frank LR, Grant I (2012) Frontal white matter integrity predictors of adult alcohol treatment outcome. Biol Psychiatry 71:262–268

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soria G, Castane A, Ledent C, Parmentier M, Maldonado R, Valverde O (2006) The lack of A2A adenosine receptors diminishes the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:978–987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stuber GD, Hopf FW, Tye KM, Chen BT, Bonci A (2010) Neuroplastic alterations in the limbic system following cocaine or alcohol exposure. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 3:3–27

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tagliaferro P, Vega MD, Evrard SG, Ramos AJ, Brusco A (2002) Alcohol exposure during adulthood induces neuronal and astroglial alterations in the hippocampal CA-1 area. Ann N Y Acad Sci 965:334–342

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeda H, Inazu M, Matsumiya T (2002) Astroglial dopamine transport is mediated by norepinephrine transporter. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 366:620–623

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tawfik VL, Regan MR, Haenggeli C, Lacroix-Fralish ML, Nutile-McMenemy N, Perez N, Rothstein JD, DeLeo JA (2008) Propentofylline-induced astrocyte modulation leads to alterations in glial glutamate promoter activation following spinal nerve transection. Neuroscience 152:1086–1092

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thanos PK, Bermeo C, Wang GJ, Volkow ND (2009) D-cycloserine accelerates the extinction of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference in C57bL/c mice. Behav Brain Res 199:345–349

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Turner JR, Ecke LE, Briand LA, Haydon PG, Blendy JA (2013) Cocaine-related behaviors in mice with deficient gliotransmission. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 226:167–176

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tzingounis AV, Wadiche JI (2007) Glutamate transporters: confining runaway excitation by shaping synaptic transmission. Nat Rev Neurosci 8:935–947

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Oever MC, Spijker S, Smit AB (2012) The synaptic pathology of drug addiction. Adv Exp Med Biol 970:469–491

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vatassery GT, Lai JC, Smith WE, Quach HT (1998) Aging is associated with a decrease in synaptosomal glutamate uptake and an increase in the susceptibility of synaptosomal vitamin E to oxidative stress. Neurochem Res 23:121–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vongvatcharanon U, Mukem S, Udomuksorn W, Kumarsit E, Vongvatcharanon S (2010) Alcohol administration during adulthood induces alterations of parvalbumin and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in rat hippocampus and cingulate cortex. Acta Histochem 112:392–401

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Lou N, Xu Q, Tian GF, Peng WG, Han X, Kang J, Takano T, Nedergaard M (2006) Astrocytic Ca2+ signaling evoked by sensory stimulation in vivo. Nat Neurosci 9:816–823

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins LR, Hutchinson MR, Johnston IN, Maier SF (2005) Glia: novel counter-regulators of opioid analgesia. Trends Neurosci 28:661–669

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins LR, Hutchinson MR, Rice KC, Maier SF (2009) The “toll” of opioid-induced glial activation: improving the clinical efficacy of opioids by targeting glia. Trends Pharmacol Sci 30:581–591

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler DD, Ondo JG (1986) Time course of the aging of the high affinity L-glutamate transporter in rat cortical synaptosomes. Exp Gerontol 21:159–168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witcher MR, Kirov SA, Harris KM (2007) Plasticity of perisynaptic astroglia during synaptogenesis in the mature rat hippocampus. Glia 55:13–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wlaz P, Rolinski Z, Czuczwar SJ (1996) Influence of D-cycloserine on the anticonvulsant activity of phenytoin and carbamazepine against electroconvulsions in mice. Epilepsia 37:610–617

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woltjer RL, Duerson K, Fullmer JM, Mookherjee P, Ryan AM, Montine TJ, Kaye JA, Quinn JF, Silbert L, Erten-Lyons D, Leverenz JB, Bird TD, Pow DV, Tanaka K, Watson GS, Cook DG (2010) Aberrant detergent-insoluble excitatory amino acid transporter 2 accumulates in Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 69:667–676

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Xu J, DeVito EE, Worhunsky PD, Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ, Potenza MN (2010) White matter integrity is associated with treatment outcome measures in cocaine dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:1541–1549

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang FY, Lee YS, Cherng CG, Cheng LY, Chang WT, Chuang JY, Kao GS, Yu L (2013) D-cycloserine, sarcosine and D-serine diminish the expression of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. J Psychopharmacol 27:550–558

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zorec R, Araque A, Carmignoto G, Haydon PG, Verkhratsky A, Parpura V (2012) Astroglial excitability and gliotransmission: an appraisal of Ca2+ as a signalling route. ASN Neuro 4:e00080

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 235 E Cameron Avenue, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Kathryn J. Reissner

  2. Department of Neuroscience (Research), Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Suite 403 Basic Science Building, 29425-5001, Charleston, SC, USA

    Peter W. Kalivas

Authors
  1. Kathryn J. Reissner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peter W. Kalivas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kathryn J. Reissner .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA

    Vladimir Parpura

  2. Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

    Alexei Verkhratsky

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Reissner, K., Kalivas, P. (2014). Emerging Roles for Glial Pathology in Addiction. In: Parpura, V., Verkhratsky, A. (eds) Pathological Potential of Neuroglia. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0974-2_17

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation