Skip to main content

Trauma in the Pregnant Patient

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Trauma is the leading cause of non-pregnancy-related maternal death in the United States. Despite advances in treatment maternal and fetal outcomes are often poor. Women of childbearing age sustaining traumatic injury should be evaluated for possible pregnancy. Physiologic changes of pregnancy influence the evaluation and management of trauma. Medical treatment should be guided by maternal needs in order to optimize maternal and fetal outcomes. Maternal cardiac arrest should prompt consideration of emergent cesarean section. Anesthesiologists play a critical role in integrating the physiology of pregnancy with life support and trauma protocols and can help reduce morbidity and mortality.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Mirza FG, Devine PC, Gaddipati S. Trauma in pregnancy: a systematic approach. Am J Perinatol. 2010;22(7):579–86.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Pearlman MD. Motor vehicle crashes, pregnancy loss and preterm labor. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1997;57(2):127–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ikossi DG, Lazar AA, Morabito D, et al. Profile of mothers at risk: an analysis of injury and pregnancy loss in 1,195 trauma patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2005;200:49–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Mattox KL, Goetzl L. Trauma in pregnancy. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(Suppl):S385–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. El Kady D. Perinatal outcomes of traumatic injuries during pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2007;50:582–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Chames MC, Pearlman MD. Trauma during pregnancy: outcomes and clinical management. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2008;51:398–408.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Aboutanos SB, Aboutanos MG, Dompkowski D, et al. Predictors of fetal outcome in pregnant trauma patients: a five-year institutional review. Am Surg. 2007;73:824–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Horon IL. Underreporting of maternal deaths on death certificates and the magnitude of the problem of maternal mortality. Am J Public Health. 2005;95:478–82.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Horon IL, Cheng D. Effectiveness of pregnancy check boxes on death certificates in identifying pregnancy-associated mortality. Public Health Rep. 2011;126:195–200.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Fildes J, Reed L, Jones N, et al. Trauma: the leading cause of maternal death. J Trauma. 1992;32:643–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Harper M, Parsons L. Maternal deaths due to homicide and other injuries in North Carolina: 1992–1994. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;90:920–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Dannenberg AL, Carter DM, Lawson HW, et al. Homicide and other injuries as causes of maternal death in New York City, 1987 through 1991. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172:1557–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Pearlman MD, Tintinalli JE, Lorenz RP. A prospective controlled study of outcome after trauma during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;162:1502–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Schiff MA, Holt VL, Daling JR. Maternal and infant outcomes after injury during pregnancy in Washington state from 1989 to 1997. J Trauma. 2002;53:939–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Pak LL, Reece EA, Chan L. Is adverse pregnancy outcome predictable after blunt abdominal trauma? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179:1140–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. El-Kady D, Gilbert WM, Anderson J, et al. Trauma during pregnancy: an analysis of maternal and fetal outcomes in a large population. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:1661–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Schiff MA, Holt VL. Pregnancy outcomes following hospitalization for motor vehicle crashes in Washington state from 1989 to 2001. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161:503–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Weiss HB, Songer TJ, Fabio A. Fetal deaths related to maternal injury. JAMA. 2001;286:1863–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kuo C, Jamieson DJ, McPheeters ML, et al. Injury hospitalizations of pregnant women in the United States, 2002. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196:161.e1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hill C. Trauma in the obstetrical patient. Womens Health. 2009;5:269–85.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Hyde LK, Cook LJ, Olson LM, et al. The effect of motor vehicle crashes on adverse fetal outcomes. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102:279–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Patteson SK, Snider CC, Meyer DS, et al. The consequence of high-risk behaviors: trauma during pregnancy. J Trauma. 2007;62:1015–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Gazmararian JA, Lazorick S, Spitz AM, et al. Prevalence of violence against pregnant women. JAMA. 1996;275:1915–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Tinker SC, Reefhuis J, Dellinger AM, et al. National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Epidemiology of maternal injuries during pregnancy in a population-based study, 1997–2005. J Womens Health (Larchmont). 2010;19:2211–8.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Fischer PE, Zarzaur BL, Fabian TC, et al. Minor trauma is an unrecognized contributor to poor fetal outcomes: a population-based study of 78,552 pregnancies. J Trauma. 2011;71:90–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sperry JL, Casey BM, McIntyre DD, et al. Long-term fetal outcomes in pregnant trauma patients. Am J Surg. 2006;192:715–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Schiff MA, Holt VL. The injury severity score in pregnant trauma patients: predicting placental abruption and fetal death. J Trauma. 2002;53:946–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Biester EM, Tomich PG, Esposito TJ, et al. Trauma in pregnancy: normal revised trauma score in relation to other markers of maternofetal status–a preliminary study. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;176:1206–12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Baerga-Varela Y, Zietlow SP, Bannon MP, et al. Trauma in pregnancy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000;75:1243–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Tweddale CJ. Trauma during pregnancy. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2006;29:53–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Shah KH, Simons RK, Holbrook T, et al. Trauma in pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcomes. J Trauma. 1998;45:83–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG educational bulletin Obstetric aspects of trauma management. Number 251, September 1998 (replaces Number 151, January 1991, and Number 161, November 1991). Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1999;64:87–94.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Romero VC, Pearlman M. Mortality due to trauma. Semin Perinatol. 2012;36:60–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Petrone P, Talving P, Browder T, et al. Abdominal injuries in pregnancy: a 155-month study at two level 1 trauma centers. Injury. 2011;42:47–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Theodorou DA, Velmahos GC, Souter I, et al. Fetal death after trauma in pregnancy. Am Surg. 2000;66:809–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Leggon RE, Wood GC, Indeck MC. Pelvic fractures in pregnancy: factors influencing maternal and fetal outcomes. J Trauma. 2002;53:796–804.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Aboutanos MB, Aboutanos SZ, Dompkowski D, et al. Significance of motor vehicle crashes and pelvic injury on fetal mortality: a five year institutional review. J Trauma. 2008;65:616–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cannada LK, Pan P, Casey BM, et al. Pregnancy outcomes after orthopedic trauma. J Trauma. 2010;69:694–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. El Kady D, Gilbert WM, Xing G, et al. Association of maternal fractures with adverse perinatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195:711–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Lavery JP, Staten-McCormick M. Management of moderate to severe trauma in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1995;22:69–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Tinker SC, Reefhuis J, Dellinger AM, et al. Epidemiology of maternal injuries during pregnancy in a population-based study, 1997–2005. J Womens Health. 2010;19:2211–8.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Kvarnstrand L, Milsom I, Lekander T, et al. Maternal fatalities, fetal and neonatal deaths related to motor vehicle crashes during pregnancy: a national population-based study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87:946–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Pearlman MD, Philips ME. Safety belt use during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;88:1026–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Schiff M, Albers L, McFeely P. Motor vehicle crashes and maternal mortality in New Mexico: the significance of seat belt use. West J Med. 1997;167:19–22.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Motozawa Y, Hitosugi M, Abe T, Tokudome S. Effects of seat belts worn by pregnant drivers during low-impact collisions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203:62.e1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Metz T, Abbott JT. Pregnancy after motor vehicle crashes with airbag deployment: a 30-case series. J Trauma. 2006;61:658–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Sirin H, Weiss HB, Sauber-Schatz EK, et al. Seat belt use, counseling and motor-vehicle injury during pregnancy: results from a multi-state population-based survey. Matern Child Health J. 2007;11:505–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Klinich KD, Flannagan CAC, Rupp JD, et al. Fetal outcome in motor-vehicle crashes: effect of crash characteristics and maternal restraint. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198:450.e1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Astarita DC, Feldman B. Seat belt placement resulting in uterine rupture. J Trauma. 1997;42:738–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Fusco A, Kelly K, Winslow J. Uterine rupture in a motor vehicle crash with airbag deployment. J Trauma. 2001;51:1192–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Schultze PM, Stamm CA, Roget J. Placental abruption and fetal death with airbag deployment in a motor vehicle accident. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;92(Pt 2):719.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Schiff MA, Mack CD, Kaufman RP, et al. The effect of airbags on pregnancy outcomes in Washington State. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115:85–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Mendez-Figueroa H, Dahlke JD, Vrees RA, et al. Trauma in pregnancy: an updated systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;209:1–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Kady E, Gilbert WM, Xing G, et al. Maternal and neonatal outcomes of assaults during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:357–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Connolly AM, Katz VL, Bash KL, et al. Trauma and pregnancy. Am J Perinatol. 1997;14:331–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Schiff MA. Pregnancy outcomes following hospitalization for a fall in Washington state from 1987 to 2004. BJOG. 2008;115:1648–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Dunning K, Lemasters G, Bhattacharya A. A major public health issue: the high incidence of falls during pregnancy. Matern Child Health J. 2010;14:720–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Lymberly JK, Gilleard W. The stance phase of walking during late pregnancy; temporospatial and ground reaction force variables. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2005;95:247–53.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Butler EE, Colon I, Druzing ML, et al. Postural equilibrium during pregnancy: decreased stability with an increased reliance on visual cues. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195:1104–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Fries EC, Hellebrandt FA. The influence of pregnancy on the location of the center of gravity, postural stability, and body alignment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1943;46:374–80.

    Google Scholar 

  61. McCrory JL, Chambers AJ, Daftary A, Redfern MS. Dynamic postural stability during advancing pregnancy. J Biomech. 2010;43:2434–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Palladino CL, Singh V, Campbell J, et al. Homicide and suicide during the perinatal period: findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;118:1056–63.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Shadigian E, Bauer ST. Pregnancy-associated death: a qualitative systematic review of homicide and suicide. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2005;60(3):183–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Krulewitch CJ, Pierre-Louis ML, de Leon-Gomez R, et al. Hidden from view: violent deaths among pregnant women in the District of Columbia, 1988–1996. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2001;46(1):4–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Sachs BP, Brown DA, Driscoll SG, et al. Maternal mortality in Massachusetts. Trends and prevention. N Engl J Med. 1987;316(11):667–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Ho EM, Brown J, Graves W, et al. Maternal death at an inner-city hospital, 1949–2000. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187(5):1213–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Thaden P, Thoennes N. Extent, nature and consequences of intimate partner violence: findings from the national violence against women survey. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Truman JS. National criminal victimization survey: criminal victimization, 2010. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2011. http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv10.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Ribe JK, Teggatz JR, Harvey CM. Blows to the maternal abdomen causing fetal demise: report of three cases and a review of the literature. J Forensic Sci. 1993;38:1092–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Dietz PM, Rochat RW, Thompson BL, et al. Differences in the risk of homicide and other fatal injuries between postpartum women and other women of childbearing age: implications for prevention. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:641–3.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Horon IL, Cheng D. Enhanced surveillance for pregnancy-associated mortality—Maryland, 1993–1998. JAMA. 2001;285:1455–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Lin P, Gill LR. Homicides of pregnant women. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2011;32:161–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Wiencrot A, Nannini A, Manning SE, et al. Neonatal outcomes and mental illness, substance abuse, and intentional injury during pregnancy. Matern Child Health J. 2012;16:979–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Chang J, Berg CJ, Saltzman LE, et al. Homicide: a leading cause of injury deaths among pregnancy and postpartum women in the United States, 1991–1999. Am J Public Health. 2005;95:471–7.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Ghandi SG, Gilbert WM, McElvy SS, et al. Maternal and neonatal outcomes after attempted suicide. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:984–90.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Schiff MA, Grossman DC. Adverse perinatal outcomes and risk for postpartum suicide attempt in Washington state, 1987-2001. Pediatrics. 2006;118:e669–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Maghsoudi H, Samnia R, Garadaghi A, et al. Burns in pregnancy. Burns. 2006;32:246–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Guo SS, Greenspoon JS, Kahn AM. Management of burn injuries during pregnancy. Burns. 2001;27:394–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Chama CM, Na’aya HU. Severe burn injury in pregnancy in northern Nigeria. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2002;22:20–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Van Haren RM, Thorsen CM, Valle EJ, et al. Hypercoagulability after burn injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;75:37–43, discussion 43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Rode H, Millar AJ, Cywes S, et al. Thermal injury in pregnancy—the neglected tragedy. S Afr Med J. 1990;77:346–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Karimi H, Momeni M, Rahbar H. Burn injuries during pregnancy in Iran. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009;104:132–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Roderique JD, Gebre-Giorgis AA, Stewart DH, et al. Smoke inhalation injury in a pregnant patient: a literature review of the evidence and current best practices in the setting of a classic case. J Burn Care Res. 2012;33:624–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Fatovich DM. Electric shock in pregnancy. J Emerg Med. 1993;11:175–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Einarson A, Bailey B, Inocencion G, et al. Accidental electric shock in pregnancy: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;176:678–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Rayburn W, Aronow R, DeLancey B, et al. Drug overdose during pregnancy an overview from a metropolitan poison control center. Obstet Gynecol. 1984;64:611–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Perrone J, Hoffman RS. Toxic injestions in pregnancy: abortifacient use in a case series of overdose patients. Acad Emerg Med. 1997;4:206–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Bailey B. Are there teratogenic risks associated with antidotes used in the acute management of the poisoned pregnant woman? Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2003;67:133–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Hardt N, Wong TD, Burt MJ, et al. Prevalence of prescription and illicit drugs in pregnancy-associated non-natural deaths of Florida mothers, 1999–2005. J Forensic Sci. 2013. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.12219.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Brown SA, Seifert S, Rayburn WF. Management of envenomations during pregnancy. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2013;51:3–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Brookfield KF, Gonzalez-Quintero VH, Davis JS, et al. Maternal death in the emergency department from trauma. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013;288(3):507–12. doi:10.1007/s00404-013-2772-5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Crosby WM. Traumatic injuries in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1983;26:902–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee on Obstetric Practice Safety for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Committee Opinion No. 573: magnesium sulfate use in obstetrics. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122:727–8.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Doyle LW, Crowther CA, Middleton P, et al. Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):Art. No.: CD004661. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004661.pub3.

  95. Ali J, Yeo A, Gana TJ, et al. Predictors of fetal mortality in pregnant trauma patients. J Trauma. 1997;42:782–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Barraco RD, Chiu WC, Clancy TV, et al. Practice management guidelines for the diagnosis and management of injury in the pregnant patient: the EAST practice management guidelines work group. J Trauma. 2010;69:211–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Pearlman M, Tintinalli J. Evaluation and treatment of the gravida and fetus following trauma during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1991;18(2):371–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Shah AJ, Kilcane BA. Trauma in pregnancy. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2003;21:615–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Ellingsen CL, Eggebø TM, Lexow K. Amniotic fluid embolism after blunt abdominal trauma. Resuscitation. 2007;75:180–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Kramer JS, Rouleau J, Siu S, et al. Amniotic fluid embolism: incidence, risk factors and impact on perinatal outcomes. BJOG. 2012;119:874–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Rose G, Strohm P, Zuspan FP. Fetomaternal hemorrhage following trauma. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985;153:844–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Fujitani S, Baldisseri MR. Hemodynamic assessment in a pregnant and peripartum patient. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(10 Suppl):S354–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Pilkington S, Carli F, Dakin MJ, et al. Increase in Mallampati score during pregnancy. Br J Anaesth. 1995;74(6):638–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Collins JS, Lemmens HJ, Brodsky JB, et al. Laryngoscopy and morbid obesity: a comparison of the “sniff” and “ramped” positions. Obes Surg. 2004;14(9):1171–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. El-Orbany M, Woehlck M, Salem MR. Head and neck position for direct laryngoscopy. Anesth Analg. 2011;113(1):103–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Robitaille A, Williams SR, Tremblay MH, et al. Cervical spine motion during tracheal intubation with manual in-line stabilization: direct laryngoscopy versus GlideScope® videolaryngoscopy. Anesth Analg. 2008;106:935–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Maruyama K, Yamada T, Kawakami R, et al. Randomized cross-over comparison of cervical-spine motion with the AirWay Scope or Macintosh laryngoscope with in-line stabilization: a video-fluoroscopic study. Br J Anaesth. 2008;101:563–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Yeatts DJ, Dutton RP, Hu PF, et al. Effect of video laryngoscopy on trauma patient survival: a randomized controlled trial. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;75:212–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Quinn AC, Milne D, Columb M, et al. Failed tracheal intubation in obstetric anaesthesia: 2 yr national case–control study in the UK. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110:74–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Gress Jr FC. Uterine vascular response to hemorrhage during pregnancy, with observations on therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 1966;27(4):549–54.

    Google Scholar 

  111. John PR, Shiozawa A, Haut ER, et al. An assessment of the impact of pregnancy on trauma mortality. Surgery. 2011;149:94–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Wilkening RB, Mescha G. Fetal oxygen uptake, oxygenation, and acid-base balance as a function of uterine blood flow. Am J Physiol. 1983;244(6):H749–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) for doctors. Chicago: American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma; 2012. http://www.facs.org/trauma/atls/index.html.

  114. Shackford SR, Hollingworth-Fridlund P, Cooper GF, et al. The effect of regionalization upon the quality of trauma care as assessed by concurrent audit before and after institution of a trauma system: a preliminary report. J Trauma. 1986;26(9):812–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Sasser SM, Hunt RC, Faul M, et al. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Guidelines for field triage of injured patients. Recommendations of the national expert panel on field triage, 2011. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2012;61(RR-1):1–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Brown JB, Stassen NA, Bankey PE, et al. Mechanism of injury and special consideration criteria still matter: an evaluation of the national trauma triage protocol. J Trauma. 2011;70:38–44, discussion 44–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Vanden Hoek TL, Morrison LJ, Shuster M, et al. Part 12: cardiac arrest in special situations: 2010 American heart association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2010;122(18 Suppl 3):S829–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Siddiqui N, Goldszmidt E, Haque SU, Carvalho JCA. Ultrasound simulation of internal jugular vein cannulation in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Can J Anaesth. 2010;57:966–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Chatterjee DJ, Bukunola B, Samuels TL, et al. Resuscitation in massive obstetric haemorrhage using an intraosseous needle. Anaesthesia. 2011;66(4):306–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. NAMET. PHTLS Trauma First Response. St. Louis, MO: Mosby/JEMS; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Practice guidelines for perioperative blood transfusion and adjuvant therapies: an updated reported by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task force on Perioperative Blood Transfusion and Adjuvant Therapies. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:198–208.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Mittermayr M, Streif W, Haas T, et al. Hemostatic changes after crystalloid or colloid fluid administration during major orthopedic surgery: the role of fibrinogen administration. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:905–17.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Thorsen K, Ringdal KH, Strand K, et al. Clinical and cellular effects of hypothermia, acidosis and coagulopathy in major surgery. Br J Surg. 2011;98:894–907.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Morgan TJ, Venkatesh B, Hall J. Crystalloid strong ion difference determines metabolic acid-base change during acute normovolaemic haemodilution. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:1432–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Bulger EM, May S, Kerby JD, et al. Out-of-hospital hypertonic resuscitation after traumatic hypovolemic shock: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2011;253:431–41.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Cooper DJ, Myles PS, McDermott FT, et al. Prehospital hypertonic saline resuscitation of patients with hypotension and severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:1350–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Myburgh JA, Mythen MG. Resuscitation fluids. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1243–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Duke MD, Guidry C, Guice J, Stuke L, et al. Restrictive fluid resuscitation in combination with damage control resuscitation: time for adaptation. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73:674–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. The SAFE Study Investigators. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2247–56.

    Google Scholar 

  130. The SAFE Study Investigators. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. Saline or albumin for fluid resuscitation in patients with traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:874–84.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Winstedt D, Hanna J, Schött U. Albumin-induced coagulopathy is less severe and more effectively reversed with fibrinogen than is synthetic colloid-induced coagulopathy. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2013;73(2):161–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Hartog CS, Kohl M, Reinert K. A systemic review of third-generation hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4) in resuscitation: safety not adequately addressed. Anesth Analg. 2011;112:635–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Caballo C, Escolar G, Diaz-Ricart M, et al. Impact of experimental haemodilution on platelet function, thrombin generation and clot firmness: effects of different coagulation factor concentrates. Blood Transfus. 2013;11:391–9.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Haase N, Perner A. Hydroxyethyl starch for resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2013;19(4):321–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. FDA Safety Communication: Boxed Warning on increased mortality and severe renal injury, and additional warning on risk of bleeding, for use of hydroxyethyl starch solutions in some settings. June 24, 2013. http://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/safetyavailability/ucm358271.htm.

  136. Kauvar DS, Wade CE. The epidemiology and modern management of traumatic hemorrhage: US and international perspectives. Crit Care. 2005;9 Suppl 5:S1–9.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Duchesne JC, McSwain NE, Cotton BA, et al. Damage control resuscitation: the new face of damage control. J Trauma. 2010;69:976–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Holcomb JB, Hess JR. Early massive trauma transfusion: state of the art. J Trauma. 2006;60:1.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Holcomb JB, Wade CE, Michalek JE, et al. Increased plasma and platelet to red blood cell ratios improves outcome in 466 massively transfused civilian trauma patients. Ann Surg. 2008;248:447–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Holcomb JB, Jenkins D, Rhee P, et al. Damage control resuscitation: directly addressing the early coagulopathy of trauma. J Trauma. 2007;62:307–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Dries DH. Hypotensive resuscitation. Shock. 1996;6:311–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Doreide E, Deaken CD. Pre-hospital fluid therapy in the critically injured patient—a clinical update. Injury. 2005;35:1001–10.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Karpati PCJ, Rossignol M, Pirot M, et al. High incidence of myocardial ischemia during postpartum hemorrhage. Anesthesiology. 2004;100:30–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Palmer RM. Postpartum hemorrhage is not the only setting for maternal myocardial ischemia. Anesthesiology. 2004;101:1035–7.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Sihler KC, Napolitano NM. Complications of massive transfusion. Chest. 2010;137:209–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Duchesne JC, Hunt JP, Wahl G, et al. Review of current blood transfusion strategies in a mature level I trauma center: we were wrong for the last 60 years? J Trauma. 2008;65:272–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Teixeria PG, Inaba K, Shulman I, et al. Impact of plasma transfusion in massive transfused trauma patients. J Trauma. 2009;66:693–7.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Murad MH, Stubbs JR, Gandhi MJ, et al. The effect of plasma transfusion on morbidity and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transfusion. 2010;50:1370–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Johansson PI, Oliveri R, Ostrowski SR. Hemostatic resuscitation with plasma and platelets in trauma. A meta-analysis. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2012;5:120–5.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Holcomb JB, Zarzabal LA, Michalek JE, et al. Trauma Outcomes Group: increased platelet: RBC ratios are associated with improved survival after massive transfusion. J Trauma. 2011;71(2 Suppl 3):S318–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Ho KM, Leonard A. Concentration-dependent effect of hypocalcaemia on mortality of patients with critical bleeding requiring massive transfusion: a cohort study. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2011;39:46–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Snegovskikh D, Clebone A, Norwitz E. Anesthetic management of patients with placenta accreta and resuscitation strategies for associated massive hemorrhage. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2011;24:274–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Ho KM, Leonard A. Risk factors associated with hypomagnesemia in massive transfusion. Transfusion. 2011;51(2):270–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Chaiwat O, Lang JD, Vavilala MS, et al. Early packed red blood cell transfusion and acute respiratory distress syndrome after trauma. Anesthesiology. 2009;110:351–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Stansbury LG, Dutton RP, Stein DM, et al. Controversy in trauma resuscitation: do ratios of plasma to red blood cells matter? Transfus Med Rev. 2009;23:255–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Allen SR, Kashuk JL. Unanswered questions in the use of blood component therapy in trauma. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2011;19:5.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Nascimento B, Callum J, Rubenfeld G, et al. Clinical review: fresh frozen plasma in massive bleedings-more questions than answers. Crit Care. 2010;14:202.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Spahn DR, Cerny V, Coasts TJ. Management of bleeding following major trauma: a European guideline. Crit Care. 2007;11:R17.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Grasseto A, De Nardin M, Ganzerla B, et al. ROTEM® guided coagulation factor concentrate therapy in trauma: 2-year experience in Venice, Italy. Crit Care. 2012;16:428.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Schöchl H, Maegele M, Solomon C, et al. Early and individualized goal-directed therapy for trauma-induced coagulopathy. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2012;20:15.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Schöchl H, Schlimp CJ. Trauma bleeding management: the concept of goal-directed primary care. Anesth Analg. 2013. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e318270a6f7.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Fries D, Innerhofer P, Schobersberger W. Time for changing coagulation management in trauma-related massive bleeding. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2009;22:267–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Brohi K, Singh J, Heron M, et al. Acute traumatic coagulopathy. J Trauma. 2003;54:1127–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Brohi K, Cohen MH, Gantner MT, et al. Acute coagulopathy of trauma: hypoperfusion induces systemic anticoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis. J Trauma. 2008;65:1211–7.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Wolberg AS, Meng ZH, Monroe III DM, et al. A systematic evaluation of the effects of temperature on coagulation enzyme activity and platelet function. J Trauma. 2004;56:1221–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Kostousov V, Wang YW, Cotton BA, et al. Influence of resuscitation fluids, fresh frozen plasma and fibrinolytics on fibrinolysis in a thromboelastography-based, in-vitro, whole-blood model. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2013;24:489–97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. CRASH-2 Trial Collaborators. Effects of TXA on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376:2–32.

    Google Scholar 

  168. CRASH-2 Trial Collaborators. Effect of TXA in traumatic brain injury: a nested randomized, placebo controlled trial. CRASH-2 Intracranial Bleeding Study. BMJ. 2011;343:d3795. doi:10.1136/bmj.d3795.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Huang F, Wu D, Ma G, et al. The use of tranexamic acid to reduce blood loss and transfusion in major orthopedic surgery: a metaanalysis. J Surg Res. 2014;186(1):318–27. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2013.08.020.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Rappold JF, Pusateri AE. Tranexamic acid in remote damage control resuscitation. Transfusion. 2013;53:96S–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Shakur H, Elbourn D, Gülmezoglu M, et al. The WOMAN Trial World Maternal Antifibrinolytic Trial: tranxexamic acid for post-partum haemorrhage: an international randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial. Trials. 2010;11:40. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-40.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Sentürk M, Cakmak Y, Yildiz G, et al. Tranexamic acid for cesarean section: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013;287:641–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Levy JH, Szlam F, Tanaka KA, et al. Fibrinogen and hemostasis: a primary hemostatic target for the management of acquired bleeding. Anesth Analg. 2012;114:261–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Hiippala ST, Myllyla GJ, Vahtera EM. Hemostatic factors and replacement of major blood loss with plasma-poor red cell concentrates. Anesth Analg. 1995;81:360–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Sørensen B, Spahn DR, Innerhofer P, et al. Clinical review: prothrombin complex concentrates—evaluation of safety and thrombogenicity. Crit Care. 2011;15:201.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. David JS, Godier A, Dargaud Y, et al. Case scenario: management of trauma-induced coagulopathy in a blunt trauma patient. Anesthesiology. 2013;119:191–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Boffard KD, Riou B, Warren B, et al. Recombinant factor VIIa as adjunctive therapy for bleeding control in severely injured trauma patients: two parallel randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials. J Trauma. 2005;58:8–15.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Kobayashi T, Nakabayashi M, Yoshioka A, et al. Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIA/NovoSeven®) in the management of severe postpartum haemorrhage: initial report of a multicentre case series in Japan. Int J Hematol. 2012;95:157–63.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Huber AW, Raio L, Alberio L, et al. Recombinant human factor VIIa prevents hysterectomy in severe postpartum hemorrhage: single center study. J Perinat Med. 2011;40:43–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Seoud M, Cheaib S, Birjawi G, et al. Successful treatment of severe retroperitoneal bleeding with recombinant factor VII in a woman with placenta percreata invading into the left broad ligament: unusual repeated antepartum intra-abdominal bleeding. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2010;36:183–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Nohira T, Osakabe Y, Suda S, et al. Successful management by recombinant activated factor VII in a case of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy caused by obstetric hemorrhage. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2008;34:623–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Fries D. The early use of fibrinogen, prothrombin complex concentrate, and recombinant-activated factor VIIIa in massive bleeding. Transfusion. 2013;53:91S–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Frank LR. Is MAST in the past? The pros and cons of MAST usage in the field. FEMS. 2000;25:38–41, discussion 44–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Pease CS, Magrina JF, Finely BE. The use of MAST suit in obstetrics and gynecology. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1984;39:416–22.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Miller S, Martin HB, Moris JL. Anti-shock garment in post-partum haemorrhage. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2008;22(6):1057–74.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Sutherland T, Downing J, Miller S, et al. Use of the non-pneumatic anti-shock garment (NASG) for life-threatening obstetric hemorrhage: a cost-effectiveness analysis in Egypt and Nigeria. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):62282. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062282.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Lester F, Stenson A, Meyer C, et al. Impact of the Non-pneumatic Antishock Garment on pelvic blood flow in healthy postpartum women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204:409.e1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Abdelazin A. Fetal Fibronectin (Quick Check fFN test®) for detection of premature rupture of fetal membranes. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013;287(2):205–10.

    Google Scholar 

  189. van der Ham DP, van Teefelen AS, Mol BW. Prelabor rupture of membranes: overview of diagnostic methods. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2012;24(6):408–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Macones GA, Hankins GD, Spong CY, et al. The 2008 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development workshop report on electronic fetal monitoring: update on definitions, interpretation, and research guidelines. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112(3):661–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Muehnch MV, Baschat AA, Reddy UM, Mighty HE, Weinder CP, Scalea TM, Harman CR. Kleihauer-Betke testing is important in all cases of maternal trauma. J Trauma. 2004;57(5):1094–8.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Kim YA, Makar RS. Detection of fetomaternal hemorrhage. Am J Hematol. 2012;87(4):417–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Chambers E, Davies L, Evans S, et al. Comparison of haemoglobin F detection by the acid elution test, flow cytometry and high-performance liquid chromatography in maternal blood samples analyzed for fetomaternal haemorrhage. Transfus Med. 2012;22(3):199–204.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Cosmi E, Rampon M, Saccardi C, Zanardo V, Litta P. Middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity in the diagnosis of fetomaternal hemorrhage. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012;117(2):128–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Nguyen CP, Goodman LH. Fetal risk in diagnostic radiology. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI. 2012;33:4–10.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Sadro C, Bittle M, O’Connell K. Imaging the pregnant trauma patient. Ultrasound Clin. 2011;6:97–103.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Yousefzadeh D, Ward M, Reft C. Internal barium shielding to minimize fetal irradiation in spiral CT: a phantom simulation experiment. Radiology. 2006;239:751–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Webb JA, Thomsen HS, Morcos SK. Members of Contrast Media Safety Committee of European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR). The use of iodinated and gadolinium contrast media during pregnancy and lactation. Eur Radiol. 2005;15:1234–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Ma OJ, Mateer JR, DeBehnke DJ. Use of ultrasonography for the evaluation of pregnant trauma patients. J Trauma. 1996;40(4):665–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Goodwin H, Holmes JF, Wisner DH. Abdominal ultrasound examination in pregnant trauma patients. J Trauma. 2001;50:689.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Bochiocchio GV, Haan J, Scalea TM. Surgeon-performed focused assessment with sonography for trauma as an early screening tool for pregnancy after trauma. J Trauma. 2002;52(6):1125–8.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Sadro C, Bernstein MP, Kanal KM. Imaging of Trauma: part 2, abdominal trauma and pregnancy—a radiologist’s guide to doing what is best for the mother and baby. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;199:1207–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Rothenberger DA, Quattlebaum FW, Zabel J, et al. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage for blunt trauma in pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977;129(5):479–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Scorpio RJ, Esposito TJ, Smith LG, et al. Blunt trauma during pregnancy: factors affecting fetal outcome. J Trauma. 1992;32(2):213–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. National Spinal Cord Injury Statistics Center. UAB spinal cord injury info sheet #15. Birmingham, AL: University of Alabama; 2009. https://www.nscisc.uab.edu/PublicDocuments/fact_figures_docs/Facts%202012%20Feb%20Final.pdf. Updated February 2012. Accessed 12 Oct 2013.

  206. Ghidini A, Simonson MR. Pregnancy after spinal cord injury: a review of the literature. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2011;16(3):93–103.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Furlan JC. Autonomic dysreflexia—a clinical emergency. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;75:496–500.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Hughes SJ, Short DJ, Usherwood MM, et al. Management of the pregnant woman with spinal cord injuries. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1991;98(6):513–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Krassioukov A, Warburton DE, Teasell R, et al. A systematic review of the treatment of autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(4):682–95.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Katz VL, Thorp Jr JM, Cefalo RC. Epidural analgesia and autonomic hyperreflexia: a case report. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;162(2):471–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Periera L. Obstetric management of the patient with spinal cord injury. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2003;58(10):678–87.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Owen MD, Stiles MM, Opper SE, et al. Autonomic hyperreflexia in a pregnant paraplegic patient. Case report. Reg Anesth. 1994;19(6):415–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Takatsuki A, Ohtsuka M. Clinical trial of a method for confirming the effects of spinal anesthesia in patients with spinal cord injury. J Anesth. 2012;26(6):914–7.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Camune BD. Challenges in the management of pregnant women with spinal cord injury. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2013;27(3):225–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Biderman P, Einav S, Fainblut M, et al. Extracorporeal life support in patients with multiple injuries and severe respiratory failure: a single-center experience. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;75:907–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Ried M, Bein T, Philipp A, et al. Extracorporeal lung support in trauma patients with severe chest injury and acute lung failure: a 10-year institutional experience. Crit Care. 2013;17:R110. http://ccforum.com/content/17/3/R110.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Plotkin JS, Shah JB, Lofland GK, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the successful treatment of traumatic adult respiratory distress syndrome: case report and review. J Trauma. 1994;37(1):127–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Cunningham JA, Devine PC, Jelic S. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;103:792–5.

    Google Scholar 

  219. King PT, Rosalion A, McMillan J, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in pregnancy. Lancet. 2000;356:45–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Robertson LC, Allen SH, Konamme SP, et al. The use of extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation in the case of a pregnant woman with severe h1N1 2009 influenza complicated by pneumonitis and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2010;19:443–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Grasselli G, Bombino M, Patroniti P, et al. Use of extracorporeal respiratory support during pregnancy: a case report and literature review. ASAIO J. 2012;58:281–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Ho CH, Chen KB, Liu SK, et al. Early application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with amniotic fluid embolism. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan. 2009;47(2):99–102.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Weinberg L, Kay C, Liskaser F, et al. Successful treatment of peripartum massive pulmonary embolism with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and catheter-directed pulmonary thrombolytic therapy. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2011;39(3):486–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Smith IJ, Gillham MJ. Fulminant peripartum cardiomyopathy rescue with extra-corporeal membranous oxygenation. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2009;18(2):186–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Ngatchou W, Ramadan AS, Van Nooten G, et al. Left tilt position for easy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannula insertion in late pregnancy patients. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2012;15:285–7.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Chapman BC, Moore EE, Barnett C, et al. Hypercoagulability following blunt solid abdominal organ injury: when to initiate anticoagulation. Am J Surg. 2013;206:917–23. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.07.024.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Harr JN, Moore EE, Ghasabyan A, et al. Functional fibrinogen assay indicates that fibrinogen is critical in correcting abnormal clot strength following trauma. Shock. 2013;39:459. doi:10.1097/SHK.0b013e3182787122.

    Google Scholar 

  228. Hill CC, Pickinpaugh J. Trauma and surgical emergencies in the obstetric patient. Surg Clin North Am. 2008;88:282–7.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Nelson-Piercy C. Chapter 9: Cardiac disease in Center for Maternal and Child Enquiries (CMACE). Saving mother’s lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006–08. The eighth report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom. BJOG. 2011;118:1–203.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Hui D, Morrison LJ, Windrim R, et al. The American Heart Association 2010 guidelines for the management of cardiac arrest in pregnancy: consensus recommendations on implementation strategies. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2011;33:858–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Morris S, Stacey M. Resuscitation in pregnancy. BMJ. 2003;327:1277–9.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Rees GA, Willis BA. Resuscitation in late pregnancy. Anaesthesia. 1988;43:347–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Mathur D, Leon SB. Perimortem caesarean section: a review of the anaesthetist’s nightmare. Trends Anaesth Crit Care. 2013;3(6):327–30. http://x.doi.org/10/10/16/j.tacc.2013.05.002.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Jeejeebhoy FM, Zelop CM, Windrim R, et al. Management of cardiac arrest in pregnancy: a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2011;82:801–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Suresh MS, LaToya MC, Munnur U. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the parturient. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2010;24:383–400.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Kundra P. Manual displacement of the uterus during Caesarean section. Anaesthesia. 2007;62:460–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Nanson J, Elcock D, Williams M, et al. Do physiological changes in pregnancy change defibrillation energy requirements? Br J Anaesth. 2001;87:237–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Farinelli CK, Hameed AB. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pregnancy. Cardiol Clin. 2012;30:453–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Morris Jr JA, Rosenbower TH, Jurkowich GJ, et al. Infant survival after cesarean section for trauma. Ann Surg. 1996;223:481–8.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. DePace NL, Betesh JS, Kotler MN. “Postmortem” cesarean delivery with recovery of both mother and offspring. JAMA. 1982;248:971–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Katz VL, Dotters DH, Droegmueller W. Perimortem cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 1986;68:571–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Katz VL, Balderston K, DeFreest M. Perimortem cesarean delivery: were our assumptions correct? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192:1916–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Clark SL, Hankins GD, Dudley DA, et al. Amniotic fluid embolism: analysis of the national registry. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172(4 Pt 1):1158–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Einav S, Kaufman N, Sela HY. Maternal cardiac arrest and perimortem cesarean delivery: evidence or expert-based? Resuscitation. 2012;83:1191–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Center for Maternal and Child Enquiries (CMACE). Saving mother’s lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006–08. The eighth report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom. BJOG. 2011;118:1–203.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Lipman SS, Wong JY, Arafeh J, et al. Transport decreases the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during simulated maternal cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg. 2013;116:162–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Bernstein IM, Watson M, Simmons GM, et al. Maternal brain death and prolonged fetal survival. Obstet Gynecol. 1989;74:734–77.

    Google Scholar 

  248. Mallampalli A, Powner DJ, Gardner MO. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and somatic support of the pregnant patient. Crit Care Clin. 2004;20:747–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Field DR, Gates EA, Creasy RK, et al. Maternal brain death during pregnancy: medical and ethical issues. JAMA. 1988;260:816–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Craft Jr JB, Coaldrake LA, Yonekura ML, et al. Ketamine, catecholaimes, and uterine tone in pregnant ewes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983;146(4):429–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anjali K. Fedson Hack M.D., Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hack, A.K.F. (2014). Trauma in the Pregnant Patient. In: Scher, C. (eds) Anesthesia for Trauma. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0909-4_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0909-4_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-0908-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-0909-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics