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Merkel Cell Polyomavirus: Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Related Cancer

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Viruses and Human Cancer

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Abstract

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is found in a majority of merkel cell carcinomas (MCC), a rare, aggressive neuroendocrine skin malignancy which is more frequent among immunosuppressed, elderly, and/or fair-skinned individuals. MCPyV infection is asymptomatic and is acquired already in early childhood by a majority of healthy individuals. A significant minority (typically about 15 %) of healthy subjects will be positive for MCPyV DNA on healthy skin. Neutralizing antibodies to the MCPyV virion are stable and found throughout life, with high antibody levels being strongly correlated to persistent presence of high viral load on the skin. Seroprevalences in the general adult population are high (typically >80 %). Antibodies to the MCPyV large T antigen are rare in the healthy population, but are common among MCC patients. MCPyV LT antibody levels appear to act as a tumor marker, as their levels follow the tumor burden, whereas the neutralizing MCPyV virion antibodies are more reflecting infection and can be found already many decades before MCC tumor appearance.

The establishment of the MCPyV as a probable cause of a majority of MCCs has opened a highly active research field that is exploring several new possibilities to search for new methods for prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of MCC.

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Abbreviations

CLL:

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

EV:

Epidermodysplasia-verruciformis

HPV:

Human papillomavirus

IgG:

Immunoglobulin G

LT:

Large T antigen

MCC:

Merkel cell carcinoma

MCPyV:

Merkel cell polyomavirus

SCC:

Squamous cell carcinoma

UV:

Ultraviolet light

VLP:

Virus-like particle

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Microbiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, Malmö, 20502, Sweden

    Helena Faust Ph.D.

  2. Department of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden

    Joakim Dillner Ph.D., M.D.

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  1. Helena Faust Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Joakim Dillner Ph.D., M.D. .

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  1. Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    S. David Hudnall

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Faust, H., Dillner, J. (2014). Merkel Cell Polyomavirus: Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Related Cancer. In: Hudnall, S. (eds) Viruses and Human Cancer. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0870-7_15

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