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Food Allergens pp 1–28Cite as

Food Allergy and Gastrointestinal Tract

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Part of the book series: Food Microbiology and Food Safety ((RESDEV))

Abstract

How harmless food protein becomes recognized by the mucosal immune system as an allergen remains an open question. The pathophysiology of food allergy is characterized by a skewed Th2 response to specific food proteins. More data are needed to explain how regulatory mechanisms of the mucosal immune system fail and result in allergic sensitization to dietary antigens. Gut homeostasis and immunity is a complex interplay of innate and adaptive immune responses. The mucosal immune system is the largest reservoir of immune cells in the body and has an extremely difficult task in distinguishing harmless from harmful antigens, former making majority of signals that mucosal immune system encounters. Normal response of the mucosal immune system to a dietary antigen is an oral tolerance, being in a state of anergy, or a regulated suppression of its immune response.

Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) are essential for the induction of oral tolerance, which depends on Foxp3 + T regulatory (Treg) cells. Migration of Foxp3 + Treg cells from the MLNs to the lamina propria occurs via gut-homing signals. CD103 + dendritic cells in MLNs drive the differentiation of regulatory T cells in the presence of TGF-β and retinoic acid. Major conduits of antigens to intestinal CD103 + dendritic cells are Goblet cells. Intestinal antigen presenting cells occur in variety of subtypes and may have distinctive functions in mucosal immunity and regulating gut homeostasis. Signals coming from the diet and microbiome can modulate these interactions and influence mucosal immunity.

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Abbreviations

Ag:

Antigen

AhR:

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor

APC:

Antigen-presenting cell

CCD:

Cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants

CCR:

CC-chemokine receptor

CXCR:

CXC-chemokine receptor

CT:

Cholera toxin

DBPCFC:

Double-blind, placebo controlled, oral food challenge

DC:

Dendritic cell

EAST:

Enzyme-allergosorbent test

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Foxp3:

Forkhead box protein 3

FAO:

The Food and Agriculture Organization

GALT:

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

GIT:

Gastrointestinal tract

HDM:

House dust mite

IFN-γ:

Interferon gamma

IgE:

Immunoglobulin E

IEL:

Intraepithelial lymphocyte

IPEX:

Immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked syndrome

iTregs:

Induced regulatory T cells

JAK:

Janus kinase

LAP:

Latency-associated peptide

LPDC:

CD103(+) dendritic cell of the lamina propria

LTP:

Lipid transfer proteins

M cells:

Microfold cells

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

MLN:

Mesenteric lymph node

nTreg:

Natural regulatory T cell

OAS:

Oral allergy syndrome

OFC:

Oral food challenge

OVA:

Ovalbumin;

PAF:

Platelet activation factor

PBMC:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cell

PDL1:

Programmed cell death ligand 1

PP:

Peyer’s patch

RAST:

radio-allergosorbent test

SPT:

Skin prick test

SRS-A:

Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis

STAT:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription

TCR:

T cell receptor

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor beta

Th:

T helper lymphocyte

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TNF:

Tumour necrosis factor

Treg:

T regulatory lymphocyte

TSLP:

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin

WHO:

World Health Organization

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  1. Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Tanja Ćirković Veličković & Marija Gavrović-Jankulović

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  1. Tanja Ćirković Veličković
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  2. Marija Gavrović-Jankulović
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Correspondence to Tanja Ćirković Veličković .

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Ćirković Veličković, T., Gavrović-Jankulović, M. (2014). Food Allergy and Gastrointestinal Tract. In: Food Allergens. Food Microbiology and Food Safety. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0841-7_1

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