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The Assessment of Acculturation, Enculturation, and Culture in Asian-American Samples

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Guide to Psychological Assessment with Asians

Abstract

Asian-Americans are one of the largest and fastest growing groups in the United States. Within the category of “Asian American” exists tremendous variation in where individuals immigrate from, how long they have spent in the USA, and how much contact they have with American culture. One way to account for some of these differences is by examining Asian-Americans’ levels of acculturation (i.e., orientation towards American culture) and enculturation (i.e., retention of Asian values and practices). Research finds that acculturation and enculturation have been linked to a host of positive and negative outcomes, particularly in the area of mental health. Thus, measuring acculturation, enculturation, and endorsement of specific cultural ideas and practices (i.e., Asian values of family and achievement; Western values of autonomy and independence) can help clinicians better understand differences in psychological health and well-being among Asian-Americans. The present chapter outlines research on the conceptualization and measurement of acculturation, enculturation, and cultural ideas in Asian-American groups to inform psychological research and clinical practice in an increasingly diverse nation.

Participants’ responses are averaged to generate profiles of emotional patterns unique to each of the four situations. Immigrants who better match the profile of the host culture are categorized as more emotionally acculturated. Researchers find that Korean Americans (second generation or later) show greater emotional acculturation than earlier generations. Interestingly, explicit measures of acculturation (i.e., VIA) do not predict emotional acculturation.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Michelle Peretz, Mallika Roy, and Angela Chou for their research assistance in preparation of this chapter, and the Stanford Culture and Emotion Laboratory for their valuable feedback on earlier versions of this chapter.

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  1. Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall Bldg 420, Jordan Hall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA

    Y. L. Zhang M.A. & J. L. Tsai Ph.D.

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  1. Y. L. Zhang M.A.
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Correspondence to Y. L. Zhang M.A. or J. L. Tsai Ph.D. .

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  1. Department of Psychology, University of Nevada and Northcentral University, Graduate School Faculty, Prescott Valley, AZ, USA, Reno, Nevada, USA

    Lorraine T. Benuto

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Nicholas S. Thaler

  3. Graduate School Faculty, Prescott Valley, AZ, USA, Lake's Crossing Center: Maximum Security Facility for Forensic Mental Health Services (Reno, NV) & Northcentral University, Reno, Nevada, USA

    Brian D. Leany

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Zhang, Y.L., Tsai, J.L. (2014). The Assessment of Acculturation, Enculturation, and Culture in Asian-American Samples. In: Benuto, L., Thaler, N., Leany, B. (eds) Guide to Psychological Assessment with Asians. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0796-0_6

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