Abstract
This chapter provides a review of the most commonly used measures of depression and suicidality among Asian-Americans. The goal of the chapter is to inform clinicians about the psychometric properties of instruments assessing depression and suicidality among Asian-Americans. We examine the reliability, validity, and utility of the Center for Epidemiological Studies—Depression, Beck Depression Inventory, Geriatric Depression Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Given the dearth of literature on suicidality measures, the chapter briefly reviews a few instruments that have been used in Asian samples. Most of the measures demonstrated adequate psychometric properties and could be used in their original form or with minor alterations (e.g., remove positively worded items). However, all of the measures need to be used with caution with Asian-American clients and complemented with culturally sensitive diagnostic interviews. More research is needed to establish the measurement equivalence (internal validity) and specificity and sensitivity (external validity) of the available depression and suicide measures for Asian-Americans.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abe, J. A. A. (2004). Self-esteem, perception of relationships, and emotional distress: A cross-cultural study. Personal Relationships, 11(2), 231–247.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Arnault, D. S., Sakamoto, S., & Moriwaki, A. (2005). The association between negative self-descriptions and depressive symptomatology: Does culture make a difference? Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 19(2), 93–100.
Arnault, D. S., Sakamoto, S., & Moriwaki, A. (2006). Somatic and depressive symptoms in female Japanese and American students: A preliminary investigation. Transcultural Psychiatry, 43(2), 275–286.
Bae, J. N., & Cho, M. J. (2004). Development of the Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale and its short form among elderly psychiatric patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57(3), 297.
Beck, A., & Beamesderfer, A. (1974). Assessment of depression: The depression inventory. In P. Pichot (Ed.), Psychological measurements in psychopharmacology: Modern problems in pharmacopsychiatry (Vol. 7, pp. 151–169). Oxford: Karger.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8(1), 77–100.
Berry, J. W. (1980). Introduction to methodology. In H. Triandis & J. Berry (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Methodology, Vol. 2, pp. 1–28). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Breslau, J., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Kendler, K. S., Su, M., Williams, D., & Kessler, R. C. (2006). Specifying race-ethnic differences in risk for psychiatric disorders in a USA national sample. Psychological Medicine: A Journal of Research in Psychiatry and the Allied Sciences, 36, 57–68.
Byrne, B. M., Stewart, S. M., Kennard, B. D., & Lee, P. W. H. (2007). The Beck Depression Inventory-II: Testing for measurement equivalence and factor mean differences across Hong Kong and American adolescents. International Journal of Testing, 7(3), 293–309.
Chan, D. W. (1991). The Beck Depression Inventory: What difference does the Chinese version make? Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3(4), 616.
Chan, A. C. (1996). Clinical validation of the Geriatric depression scale (GDS). Journal of Aging and Health, 8(2), 238–253.
Chandra, P. S., Satyanarayana, V. A., & Carey, M. P. (2009). Women reporting intimate partner violence in India: Associations with PTSD and depressive symptoms. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 12(4), 203–209.
Chang, D. F. (2002). Understanding the rates and distribution of mental disorders. In K. S. Kurasaki, S. Okazaki, & S. Sue (Eds.), Asian American mental health: Assessment theories and methods (pp. 9–27). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Chang, H. (2005). Dimensions of the Chinese Beck Depression Inventory-II in a university sample. Individual Differences Research, 3(3), 193–199.
Chen, S., Chiu, H., Xu, B., Ma, Y., Jin, T., Wu, M., & Conwell, Y. (2010). Reliability and validity of the PHQ-9 for screening late-life depression in Chinese primary care. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(11), 1127–1133.
Chen, T. M., Huang, F. Y., Chang, C., & Chung, H. (2006). Using the PHQ-9 for depression screening and treatment monitoring for Chinese Americans in primary care. Psychiatric Services, 57(7), 976–981.
Chida, F., Okayama, A., Nishi, N., & Sakai, A. (2004). Factor analysis of Zung Scale scores in a Japanese general population. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 58(4), 420–426.
Chiles, J. A., Strosahl, K. D., Ping, Z. Y., Michael, M. C., Hall, K., Jemelka, R., … Reto, C. (1989). Depression, hopelessness, and suicidal behavior in Chinese and American psychiatric patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(3), 339–344.
Chinese Behavioral Sciences Society (ed.). (2000). The Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory (2nd ed., Licensed Chinese translation, The Psychological Corporation). Hacourt Brace: New York; 2000.
Choi, J. L., & Rogers, J. R. (2010). Exploring the validity of the College Student Reasons for Living Inventory among Asian American college students. Archives of Suicide Research, 14, 222–235.
Choi, J. L., Rogers, J. R., & Werth, J. L. (2009). Suicide risk assessment with Asian American college students: A culturally informed perspective. The Counseling Psychologist, 37, 186–218.
Chongruksa, D., Parinyapol, P., Sawatsri, S., & Pansomboon, C. (2012). “Efficacy of eclectic group counseling in addressing stress among Thai police officers in terrorist situations”: Corrigendum. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 25(3), 343.
Chou, K.-L., Jun, L. W., & Chi, I. (2005). Assessing Chinese older adults’ suicidal ideation: Chinese version of the Geriatric Suicide Ideation Scale. Aging & Mental Health, 9, 167–171.
de Bocanegra, H. T., & Brickman, E. (2004). Mental health impact of the World Trade Center attacks on displaced Chinese workers. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 55–62.
de Bocanegra, H. T., Moskalenko, S., & Chan, P. (2005). PTSD and depression among displaced Chinese workers after the world trade center attack: A follow-up study. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 82(3), 364–369.
de Bocanegra, H. T., Moskalenko, S., & Kramer, E. J. (2006). PTSD, depression, prescription drug use, and health care utilization of Chinese workers affected by the WTC attacks. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 8(3), 203–210.
Duldulao, A. A., Takeuchi, D. T., & Hong, S. (2009). Correlates of suicidal behaviors among Asian Americans. Archives of Suicide Research, 13, 277–290.
Edman, J. L., Danko, G. P., Andrade, N., McArdle, J. J., Foster, J., & Glipa, J. (1999). Factor structure of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) among Filipino-American adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 34, 211–215.
Fu, K., Liu, K. Y., & Yip, P. S. F. (2007). Predictive validity of the Chinese version of the Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and its short version. Psychological Assessment, 19, 422–429.
Furukawa, T. A., Streiner, D. L., Azuma, H., Higuchi, T., Kamijima, K., Kanba, S., … Miura, S. (2005). Cross-cultural equivalence in depression assessment: Japan–Europe–North American study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112(4), 279–285.
German, D., Sutcliffe, C. G., Sirirojn, B., Sherman, S. G., Latkin, C. A., Aramrattana, A., et al. (2012). Unanticipated effect of a randomized peer network intervention on depressive symptoms among young metamphetamine users in Thailand. Journal of Community Psychology, 40, 799–813.
Gau, S. S. F., Chen, C. H., Lee, C. T. C., Chang, J. C., & Cheng, A. T. A. (2009). Development of a Chinese version of the Suicide Intent Scale. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 39, 332–342.
Hambrick, J. P., Rodebaugh, T. L., Balsis, S., Woods, C. M., Mendez, J. L., & Heimberg, R. G. (2010). Cross-ethnic measurement equivalence of measures of depression, social anxiety, and worry. Assessment, 17(2), 155–171.
Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 23(1), 56.
Han, C., Jo, S. A., Kwak, J. H., Pae, C. U., Steffens, D., Jo, I., & Park, M. H. (2008). Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Korean version in the elderly population: The Ansan Geriatric study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49(2), 218–223.
Heron, M. (2011). Deaths: Leading causes for 2007. National Vital Statistics Reports, 59, 8.
Hong, S., & Wong, E. C. (2005). Rasch rating scale modeling of the Korean version of the beck depression inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 65(1), 124–139.
Hiroe, T., Kojima, M., Yamamoto, I., Nojima, S., Kinoshita, Y., Hashimoto, N., ... & Furukawa, T. A. (2005). Gradations of clinical severity and sensitivity to change assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japanese patients with depression. Psychiatry Research, 135(3), 229–235.
Hsu, L. R., Hailey, B. J., & Range, L. M. (1987). Cultural and emotional components of loneliness and depression. The Journal of Psychology, 121(1), 61–70.
Inoue, T., Tanaka, T., Nakagawa, S., Nakato, Y., Kameyama, R., Boku, S., … Koyama, T. (2012). Utility and limitations of PHQ-9 in a clinic specializing in psychiatric care. BMC Psychiatry, 12(1), 1–6.
International Test Commission. (2010). ITC guidelines for translating and adapting tests. Accessed online on June 3, 2013, from http://www.intestcom.org/upload/sitefiles/40.pdf
Iwata, N., & Buka, S. (2002). Race/ethnicity and depressive symptoms: A cross-cultural/ethnic comparison among university students in East Asia, North, and South America. Social Science & Medicine, 55, 2243–2252.
Iwata, N., Okuyama, Y., Kawakami, Y., & Saito, K. (1989). Prevalence of depressive symptoms in a Japanese occupational setting: A preliminary study. American Journal of Public Health, 79, 1486–1489.
Iwata, N., Roberts, C. R., & Kawakami, N. (1995). Japan–US comparison of responses to depression scale items among adult workers. Psychiatry Research, 58, 237–245.
Iwata, N., Saito, K., & Roberts, R. E. (1994). Responses to a self-administered depression scale among younger adolescents in Japan. Psychiatry Research, 53, 275–287.
Jang, Y., Kim, G., & Chiriboga, D. A. (2005). Acculturation and manifestation of depressive symptoms among Korean-American elder adults. Aging & Mental Health, 9, 500–507.
Jang, Y., Kwag, K. H., & Chiriboga, D. A. (2010). Not saying I am happy does not mean I am not: Cultural influences on responses to positive affect items in the CES-D. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 65B(6), 684–690.
Jang, Y., Small, B. J., & Haley, W. E. (2001). Cross-cultural comparability of the Geriatric Depression Scale: Comparison between older Koreans and older Americans. Aging & Mental Health, 5(1), 31–37.
Ji, P., & Duan, C. (2006). The relationship among acculturation, acculturation stress, and depression for a Korean and a Korean-American sample. Asian Journal of Counselling, 13, 235–270.
Kalibatseva, Z., & Leong, F. T. L. (2011). Depression among Asian Americans: Review and Recommendations. Depression Research and Treatment, Article ID: 320902. doi: 10.1155/2011/320902
Kanazawa, A., White, P. M., & Hampson, S. E. (2007). Ethnic variation in depressive symptoms in a community sample in Hawaii. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13, 35–44.
Kim, G., DeCoster, J., Huang, C., & Chiriboga, D. A. (2011). Race/ethnicity and the factor structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: A meta-analysis. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17, 381–396.
Kim, E., Seo, K., & Cain, K. C. (2006). Bi-dimensional acculturation and cultural response set in CES-D among Korean immigrants. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 31, 576–583.
Kojima, M., Furukawa, T. A., Takahashi, H., Kawai, M., Nagaya, T., & Tokudome, S. (2002). Cross-cultural validation of the beck depression inventory-II in Japan. Psychiatry Research, 110(3), 291–299.
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613.
Kuo, W. H. (1984). Prevalence of depression among Asian-Americans. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 172, 449–457.
Lam, C. K., Lim, J., Ping, P. I., Low, B. L., Ng, L. L., Chiam, P. C., & Sahadevan, S. (2004). Depression in dementia: A comparative and validation study of four brief scales in the elderly Chinese. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19(5), 422–428.
Lee, H. C. B. (1990). Reliability, validity and fakability of the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale. Bulletin of the Hong Kong Psychological Society, 24, 5–15.
Lee, H. C. B., Chiu, H. F. K., Kowk, W. Y., & Leung, C. M. (1993). Chinese elderly and the GDS short form: A preliminary study. Clinical Gerontologist: The Journal of Aging and Mental Health, 14(2), 37–42.
Lee, H. C. B., Chiu, H. F. K., Wing, Y. K., Leung, C. M., Kwong, P. K., & Chung, D. W. S. (1994). The Zung self-rating depression scale: Screening for depression among the Hong Kong Chinese elderly. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 7(4), 216–220.
Leggett, A., Zarit, S. H., Ngyuen, N. H., Hoang, C. N., & Nguyen, H. T. (2012). The influence of social factors and health on depressive symptoms and worry: A study of older Vietnamese adults. Aging & Mental Health, 16, 780–786.
Leong, F. T. L. (1997). Cross-cultural career psychology: Comment on Fouad, Harmon, and Borgen (1997) and Tracey, Watanabe, and Schneider (1997). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 355–359.
Leong, F. T. L., Kalibatseva, Z., & Park, Y. S. (2013). Evaluating measurement equivalence in cross-cultural stress research. In P. Genkova, T. Ringeisen, & F. T. L. Leong (Eds.), Handbook stress and culture: Intercultural and cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 173–188). Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer Fachmedien.
Leong, F. T. L., Okazaki, S., & Tak, J. (2003). Assessment of depression and anxiety in East Asia. Psychological Assessment, 15, 290–305.
Leung, C. M., Wing, Y. K., Kwong, P. K., & Shum, A. L. K. (1999). Validation of the Chinese - Cantonese version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and comparison with the Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100(6), 456–461.
Li, Z., & Hicks, M. H. (2010). The CES-D in Chinese American women: Construct validity, diagnostic validity for major depression, and cultural response bias. Psychiatry Research, 175, 227–232.
Lim, P. P. J., Ng, L. L., Chiam, P. C., Ong, P. S., Ngui, F. T., & Sahadevan, S. (2000). Validation and comparison of three brief depression scales in an elderly Chinese population. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15(9), 824–830.
Liu, C., Lu, C., Yu, S., & Yang, Y. (1998). Correlations between scores on Chinese versions of long and short forms of the geriatric depression scale among elderly Chinese. Psychological Reports, 82(1), 211–214.
Lu, M. L., Che, H. H., Chang, S. W., & Shen, W. W. (2002). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Taiwanese Journal of Psychiatry, 16, 301–310.
Mackinnon, A., McCallum, J., Andrews, G., & Anderson, I. (1998). The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale in older community samples in Indonesia, North Korea, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 53, 343–352.
Marsella, A. J., Kinzie, D., & Gordon, P. (1973). Ethnic variations in the expression of depression. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 4, 435–458.
McDowell, I. (2006). Measuring health: A guide to rating scales and questionnaires (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Mouanoutoua, V. L., Brown, L. G., Cappelletty, G. G., & Levine, R. V. (1991). A hmong adaptation of the beck depression inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(2), 309–322.
Mui, A. C., & Shibusawa, T. (2003). Japanese American elders and the Geriatric Depression Scale. Clinical Gerontologist, 26(3–4), 91–104.
Napholz, L., & Mo, W. (2010). Attribution of importance to life roles and their implications for mental health among Filipino American working women. Health Care for Women International, 31(2), 179–196.
Niino, N., Imaizumi, T., & Kawakami, N. (1991). A Japanese translation of the Geriatric Depression Scale. Clinical Gerontologist, 10, 85–87.
Noh, S., Avison, W. R., & Kasper, V. (1992). Depressive symptoms among Korean immigrants: Assessment of a translation of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. Psychological Assessment, 4, 84–91.
Noh, S., Kasper, V., & Chen, X. (1998). Measuring depression in Korean immigrants: Assessing validity of the translated Korean version of CES-D Scale. Cross-Cultural Research, 32, 358–377.
Norasakkunkit, V., & Kalik, M. S. (2002). Culture, ethnicity, and emotional distress measures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33, 56–70.
Oh, Y., Koeske, G., & Sales, E. (2002). Acculturation, stress, and depressive symptoms among Korean immigrants in the United States. Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 511–516.
Radloff, L. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.
Russell, S. T., Crocket, L. J., Shen, Y., & Lee, S. (2008). Cross-ethnic invariance of self-esteem and depression measures for Chinese, Filipino, and European American adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 50–61.
Ryder, A. G., & Chentsova-Dutton, Y. E. (2012). Depression in cultural context: “Chinese somatization”, revisited. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 35, 15–36.
Ryder, A. G., Yang, J., Zhu, X., Yao, S., Yi, J., Heine, S., & Bagby, R. M. (2008). The cultural shaping of depression: Somatic symptoms in China, psychological symptoms in North America? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 300–313.
Schreiner, A. S., Hayakawa, H., Morimoto, T., & Kakuma, T. (2003). Screening for late life depression: Cut-off scores for the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia among Japanese subjects. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(6), 498–505.
Shek, D. T. L. (1990). Reliability and factorial structure of the Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46(1), 35–43.
Shima, S., Shikano, T., Kitamura, T., & Asai, M. (1985). New self-rating scale for depression. [In Japanese] Clinical Psychiatry, 27, 717–723.
Shin, M. S., Kim, Z. S., & Park, K. B. (1993). The cut-off score for the Korean version of Beck Depression Inventory. Korean J Clin Psychol, 12(1), 71–81.
Storch, E. A., Roberti, J. W., & Roth, D. A. (2004). Factor structure, concurrent validity, and internal consistency of the beck depression inventory-second edition in a sample of college students. Depression and Anxiety, 19(3), 187–189.
Straus, E., Sherman, E. M. S., & Spreen, O. (2006). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Takeuchi, D. T., Chung, R. C. Y., Lin, K. M., Shen, H., Kurasaki, K., ChinChun, C., … Sue, S. (1998). Lifetime and twelve-month prevalence rates of major depressive episodes and dysthymia among Chinese Americans in Los Angeles. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(10), 1407–1414.
Takeuchi, D. T., Hong, S., Gile, K., & AlegrĂa, M. (2007). Developmental contexts and mental disorders among Asian Americans. Research in Human Development, 4, 49–69.
Trangkasombat, U., & Nukhew, O. (1998). Psychopathology of suicidal adolescents. Journal of the Psychiatric Association of Thailand, 43, 22–38.
Thavichachart, N., Tangwongchai, S., Worakul, P., Kanchanatawan, B., Suppapitiporn, S., Pattalung, A. S., … Chareonsook, O. (2009). Posttraumatic mental health establishment of the tsunami survivors in Thailand. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 5, Article 11.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity—a supplement to mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services.
World Health Organization (2008). The Global Burden of Disease 2004 update. Accessed online on April 28, 2013, from http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf
Wong, R., Wu, R., Guo, C., Lam, J. K., & Snowden, L. R. (2012). Culturally sensitive depression assessment for Chinese American immigrants: Development of a comprehensive measure and a screening scale using an item response approach. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 3, 230–253.
Wu, P. (2010). Differential functioning of the Chinese version of Beck Depression Inventory-II in adolescent gender groups: Use of a multiple-group mean and covariance structure model. Social Indicators Research, 96(3), 535–550.
Wu, P., & Chang, L. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II using the Rasch model. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 41(1), 13.
Wu, P., & Huang, T. (2010). Person heterogeneity of the BDI-II-C and its effects on dimensionality and construct validity: Using mixture item response models. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 43(3), 155–167.
Xu, Z., Su, H., Zou, Y., Chen, J., Wu, J., & Chang, W. (2011). Self-rated health of Chinese adolescents: Distribution and its associated factors. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 25(4), 780–786.
Yang, L., Zuo, C., Su, L., & Eaton, M. T. (1987). Depression in Chinese medical inpatients. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(2), 226–228.
Yeung, A., Chan, R., Mischoulon, D., Sonawalla, S., Wong, E., Nierenberg, A. A., & Fava, M. (2004). Prevalence of major depressive disorder among Chinese-Americans in primary care. General Hospital Psychiatry, 26(1), 24–30.
Yeung, A., Chang, D., Gresham, R. L., Jr., Nierenberg, A. A., & Fava, M. (2004). Illness beliefs of depressed Chinese American patients in primary care. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(4), 324–327.
Yeung, A., Fung, F., Yu, S. C., Vorono, S., Ly, M., Wu, S., & Fava, M. (2008). Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for depression screening among Chinese Americans. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49(2),211–217.
Yeung, A., Kung, W. W., Murakami, J. L., Mischoulon, D., Alpert, J. E., Nierenberg, A. A., & Fava, M. (2005). Outcomes of recognizing depressed Chinese American patients in primary care. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 35(3), 213–224.
Yeung, A., Neault, N., Sonawalla, S., Howarth, S., Fava, M., & Nierenberg, A. A. (2002). Screening for major depression in Asian Americans: A comparison of the Beck and the Chinese Depression Inventory. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 105(4), 252–257.
Ying, Y. (1988). Depressive symptomatology among Chinese-Americans as measured by the CES-D. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 739–746.
Zheng, Y., Wei, L., Lianggue, G., Guochen, Z., & Chenggue, W. (1988). Applicability of the Chinese beck depression inventory. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 29(5), 484–489.
Zheng, Y. P., Zhao, J. P., Phillips, M., Liu, J. B., Cai, M. F., Sun, S. Q., & Huang, M. F. (1988). Validity and reliability of the Chinese Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 152(5), 660–664.
Zimmerman, M., Posternak, M. A., & Chelminski, I. (2005). Is the cutoff to define remission on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression too high? The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 193(3), 170–175.
Zung, W. W., Richards, C. B., & Short, M. J. (1965). Self-rating depression scale in an outpatient clinic: further validation of the SDS. Archives of General Psychiatry, 13(6), 508.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kalibatseva, Z., Wu, I.H.C., Leong, F.T.L. (2014). Assessing Depression and Suicidality in Asian-Americans. In: Benuto, L., Thaler, N., Leany, B. (eds) Guide to Psychological Assessment with Asians. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0796-0_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0796-0_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-0795-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-0796-0
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)