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Sound Propagation in the Atmosphere

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Springer Handbook of Acoustics

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

Propagation of sound close to the ground outdoors involves geometric spreading, air absorption, interaction with the ground, barriers, vegetation and refraction associated with wind and temperature gradients. After a brief survey of historical aspects of the study of outdoor sound and its applications, this chapter details the physical principles associated with various propagation effects, reviews data that demonstrate them and methods for predicting them. The discussion is concerned primarily with the relatively short ranges and spectra of interest when predicting and assessing community noise rather than the frequencies and long ranges of concern, for example, in infrasonic global monitoring or used for remote sensing of the atmosphere. Specific phenomena that are discussed include spreading losses, atmospheric absorption, diffraction by barriers and buildings, interaction of sound with the ground (ground waves, surface waves, ground impedance associated with porosity and roughness, and elasticity effects), propagation through crops, shrubs and trees, wind and temperature gradient effects, shadow zones and incoherence due to atmospheric turbulence. The chapter concludes by suggesting a few areas that require further research.

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Abbreviations

2-D:

two-dimensional

3-D:

three-dimensional

AM:

amplitude modulation

CFD:

computational fluid dynamics

CONCAWE:

CONservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe

EC:

European Commission

FDTD:

finite difference time domain

FFLAGS:

fast field program for air–ground system

FFP:

fast field program

ICAO:

International Civil Aviation Organization

ISO:

International Organization for Standardization

PE:

parabolic equation

TG:

temperature gradient

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  1. Department of Engineering and Innovation, The Open University, Walton Hall, MK7 6AA, Milton Keynes, UK

    Keith Attenborough

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  1. Keith Attenborough
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Correspondence to Keith Attenborough .

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  1. Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, Stanford University, CA 94305, Stanford, USA

    Thomas D. Rossing

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Attenborough, K. (2014). Sound Propagation in the Atmosphere. In: Rossing, T.D. (eds) Springer Handbook of Acoustics. Springer Handbooks. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0755-7_4

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