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Epigenetics in Childhood Health and Disease

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Molecular mechanisms and physiology of disease

Abstract

The part that epigenetic modifications play in the development of childhood health and disease is being established by ongoing research and discoveries in this field. Right after the establishment of the genetic blueprint at the time of fertilization and zygote formation, the human organism is subject to complex and necessary series of epigenetic modifications of this genetic code to bring about differentiation and development. There are well-recognized stages during this process where the epigenetic changes have the most lasting and profound effects and these are considered critical periods of vulnerability. Depending on the timing of insult within the critical time periods in the human life cycle where epigenetic modifications occur, the effect on health and disease could be transient or may persist across many generations. In this chapter classification of human conditions based on the timing and etiology of epigenetic change has been attempted. Beginning with the time of fertilization of the egg with the sperm and subsequent fetal development and continuing from birth to the attainment of puberty, adulthood, and the generation of gametes for the next generation, the list of conditions where epigenetics has been found to play a key role have been listed and described. The role of epigenetics in certain special circumstances such as assisted reproductive technologies, developmental origins of adult disease, and in the brain and behavioral disorders are also discussed. Understanding the critical period of causation of epigenetic effects may yield important clues in prognostication and in designing therapeutic approaches for these conditions.

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Acknowledgement

The support of Tasneem Hussain, M-OTR in the editing and review of this manuscript is greatly appreciated.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030-2948, USA

    Naveed Hussain M.B.B.S., M.D., D.C.H.

  2. Division of Neonatology, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA

    Naveed Hussain M.B.B.S., M.D., D.C.H.

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  1. Naveed Hussain M.B.B.S., M.D., D.C.H.
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Correspondence to Naveed Hussain M.B.B.S., M.D., D.C.H. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery Molecular cardiology and Angiogenesis, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA

    Nilanjana Maulik

  2. Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Tom Karagiannis

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Hussain, N. (2014). Epigenetics in Childhood Health and Disease. In: Maulik, N., Karagiannis, T. (eds) Molecular mechanisms and physiology of disease. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0706-9_1

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