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Colombian Lagothrix: Analysis of Their Phenotypes and Taxonomy

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The Woolly Monkey

Part of the book series: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects ((DIPR,volume 39))

Abstract

Colombian Lagothrix are phenotypically very complex and a clear diagnosis of the two taxa (that classically have been recognized for the country) does not exist. The characteristics used to define one taxon are often found in the other taxon. Only the Lagothrix lugens of the Central Cordillera of the Andes is clearly defined and different from all other populations despite the holotypic description. Lagothrix from the Eastern Cordillera, although generally darker than those found in the greater part of Amazonia (called lagothricha), have many characteristics that can be found also in lagothricha, such as coronal stripe and agouti back and forearms, while some lagothricha are also dark brown and gray like the majority of lugens of the Eastern Cordillera. Since the described taxa are not clearly distinct from each other, it seems more correct to see them as subspecies of a species L. lagothricha, which often intergrade with one another. Two other subspecies have recently been described from the east of the Eastern Cordillera, although it is not clear whether these newly defined subspecies include other populations of the former lugens from the east of the Andes. Populations called lagothricha and lugens seem to be made up of a mosaic of phenotypes with no clines. Genetic information supports the view of a polytypic, broadly distributed species, L. lagothricha with various distinctive populations, although further analysis might force us to abandon the subspecies of L. lagothricha in Colombia altogether.

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Acknowledgments

I gratefully acknowledge the many maps drawn for this project by Jaime Burbano and the web site support given by Carlos Moreno-Rodriguez. I also acknowledge the support given by each institution who gave permission to study their primate materials, including the Instituto de Ciencas Naturales of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Bogotá), the Instituto de Alejandro von Humboldt (Villa de Leyva, Colombia), the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA, the American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA, the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institute), Washington, D.C., USA, and the Natural History Museum, London, UK.

I am particularly grateful for the financial help through a C & R Visiting Scholarship Grant offered by the Field Museum of Natural History and the congenial professional support of Bruce Paterson, as well as the personalized help offered by Eileen Westwig at the American Museum of Natural History and Dr. Richard Thorington, Jr., of the United States National Museum, as well as Paula Jenkins of the Natural History Museum in London during my first two visits to London. Finally, I am most grateful for the careful reading of this manuscript with annotated comments made by Professor Colin Groves. I also thank Dr. Angela Maldonado for some specific data collection made for me during a third visit for this project at the Natural History Museum London. I shall always be grateful for the many conversations I had the good fortune to enjoy about Lagothrix and other primates with the late Professor Jorge Hernández Camacho.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia

    Thomas R. Defler

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  1. Thomas R. Defler
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Correspondence to Thomas R. Defler .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, CUNDINAMARCA, Colombia

    Thomas R. Defler

  2. Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia

    Pablo R. Stevenson

Gazetteer for Lagothrix lagothricha

Gazetteer for Lagothrix lagothricha

1.1 Lagothrix lagothricha

Bolívar

  1. 1.

    Maganqué, [9°13′32.85″N, 74°43′58.39″], ND, ND, IAVH0760

  2. 2.

    Serranía de San Lucas, Norosí, captive in La Fiebre farm, [8°31′49.33″N, 74°02′13.05″W], col. K. Green, 06/16/1972, IAVH1505; col. H. Chiriví & R. W. Cooper, 16/06/1972, IAVH1607

  3. 3.

    During walk between Puerto Argelia- Esperanza- Floresta in mcpio Cantagallo [extreme s. Bolívar] [7°25′04.17″N, 73°56′47.44″W], obs. Carlos Zamora Arrienta, (fotos available of young animal)

Arauca

  1. 4.

    Tame, forests around Fortul, [6°25′N, 71°43′W], col. G. Romero, 26/03/1972, ICN6892

Huila

  1. 5.

    “Tolima Mountains” [now Huila], 2°20′N, [75°47′29.27″W], col. R. B. White, 22/02/1890, NHM(BMNH)1890.2.22.1, NHM(BMNH)1890.2.22.2 [holotype Lagothrix lugens][I placed the collection site at about 1,900 m on the east slope of the Cordillera Central]

  2. 6.

    R. Moscopán, [2°16′59.25″N, 75°58′58.88″W], col. K. von Sneidern, 05/1937, FMNH84550

  3. 7.

    Popayan, Moscopán, [2°14′32.64″N, 76°09′20.44″W], col. J. Wallis, n.d., AMNH149263, AMNH149265

  4. 8.

    La Palma, [1°55′30.70″N, 76°21′39.46″W], col. L. E. Miller, 28/04/1912, AMNH33889, AMNH33890, AMNH33891, AMNH33892, AMNH33893, AMNH119249

  5. 9.

    Acevedo, r. Aguas Claras, San Adolfo, 1°48′N, 75°53′W [1°39′53.5″N, 76°00′52.17″W], col. P. Hershkovitz, 14–29/06/1951, FMNH70574, FMNH70575, FMNH70576, FMNH70577, FMNH70578, FMNH70579, FMNH70580, FMNH70581; 20–27/08/1951, FMNH70582,

  6. 10.

    San Agustín, San Antonio, 1°53′N, 76°18′W, col. P. Hershkovitz, 23/08/1951, FMNH70583; 27/08/1951, FMNH70584, FMNH70585, FMNH70586; 04/09/1951, FMNH70587, FMNH70588, FMNH70589

  7. 11.

    Mcpio Acevedo, Guácharos National Park, La Argelia, [1°38′00.91″N, 76°06′03.75″W], col. P. Hershkovitz, IAVH0240

Cauca

  1. 12.

    Paez, [2°39′02.54″N, 75°58′27.05″W], col. H. Le Nestour, ND, ICN192

Boyaca

  1. 13.

    El Cobre [creek.?], Chala, [5°49′44.93″N, 74°09′23.28″W], co. NB, 17/06/1895, MNH(BMNH)1895.8.1.3, MNH(BMNH)1895.8.1.4

  2. 14.

    Bojabá, [r. Bojabá], [6°58′3.55″N, 71°58′35.96″W], col. K. von Sneidern, 18–25/03/1959, FMNH92331, FMNH92332, FMNH92333, FMNH92334, FMNH92335

Meta

  1. 15.

    Villavicencio, [4°08′20.53″N, 73°37′21.05″W], col. N. Miller, 01/01/1923, AMNH63933. AMNH63934

  2. 16.

    Villavicencio, vda Tarané, forest between c. Suría and r. Negro, Hda. San Antonio, [3°55′N, 73°25′W], col. J. Hernández-C., C. Velazquez, 21/08/1955, ICN102, ICN163, ICN1543, ICN1777

  3. 17.

    San Martín, r. Guamal, [3°48′01.8″N, 73°34′57.49″W], col. F. C. Lehman, 14/03/1958, FMNH89490, FMNH89491, FMNH89492, FMNH89493

  4. 18.

    San Juan de Arama, Los Micos, [3°19′08.18″N, 73°54′22.10″W], col. K. von Sneidern, 28 April 1957, FMNH87782

  5. 19.

    La Macarena, r. Yerly, [3°12′50.92″N, 73°51′09.29″W], col. K. von Sneidern, 24/02/1957, FMNH8775, FMNH8776, FMNH8777; 10/03/1957, FMNH8778, FMNH8779, FMNH8780. FMNH8781

  6. 20.

    Sierra La Macarena [American Museum expedition], [3°02′38.96"N, 73°49′42.48"W], col. J. Dillon, 04–05/05/1942, AMNH142234, AMNH142235, AMNH142236, AMNH142238, AMNH142239

  7. 21.

    R. Duda, left bank, cabaña INDERENA, [2°31′57.94″N,73°55′20.69″W], col. T. O. Lemke, 24/11/1975, IAVH2845

Guaviare

  1. 22.

    R. Ariari, right bank of r. Guaviare at mouth of R. Ariari, [2°34′11.45″N, 72°46′04.03W], col. J. Morales, C. Chaparro, 11/11/1977, IAVH2585, IAVH2593, IAVH2628

  2. 23.

    Upper r. Guaviare, El Trapiche narrows, west, [2°34′08.81″N, 72°53′37.94″W],?????

  3. 24.

    Left bank r. Apaporis, La Providencia [Puerto Yaviya], [1°06′57.77″N, 72°34′55.38″W, col. F. Medem, 5/03/1952, ICN1755 [map in Medem (1981)]

  4. 25.

    Trueno Creek, 30 km SW of San José, [ ], col. F. Medem, 23/01/1957, FMNH88242

  5. 26.

    Barracón, R. Itilla, [ ], col. F. Medem, 13/02/1958, FMNH89473

  6. 27.

    Miraflores Creek, [ ], col. F. Medem, 22/03/1958, FMNH89474, FMNH89475, FMNH89476, FMNH89477

  7. 28.

    Upper Tucunemita Creek, Campo Grito, [1º00′58.60″N, 71º59′45.95″W ], col. F. Medem, 31/12/1957, FMNH89472

Vichada

  1. 29.

    R. Uva, right bank, [3°56′08.55″N, 68°29′35″W], col. T. R. Defler, 16/04/1984, IAVH6037

Caquetá

  1. 30.

    San Vicente de Caguan, police inpection station, Guayabal, Andalucia farm, 2°44′41″N, 74°53′22″W, col. Y. Muñoz, 12/1997, IAVH6061, IAVH6062

  2. 31.

    La Morelia, [1°29′13.72″N, 75°43′32.28″W], col. L. E. Miller, 01/07/1912, AMNH33651, AMNH33652

  3. 32.

    San José de Fragua, vda La Esmeralda, r. Yurayaco, National Park Altofragua-Indiwasi, [1°21′40.12″N, 75°59′18.01″W], col. F. Quevedo, 9/09/2000, IAVH6772

  4. 33.

    Milan, La Rastra. R. Orteguaza, [1°10′04.84″N, 75°29′59″W], col. S. Trisler, 06/1935, AMNH129402, AMNH129403

  5. 34.

    R. Consaya [left bank r. Caquetá], [0°30′54.66″N, 75°05′41.84″W], col. P. Hershkovitz, FMNH70601, FMNH70602, FMNH70603, FMNH70604, FMNH70605

  6. 35.

    R. Caquetá, left bank, below Puerto Boy,[0°15′14.05″N, 74°55′03.31″W], col. H. Granados, H. Arévalo, 05/01/1960, ICN079 [listed as “Putumayo”, but “left bank” puts it in Caquetá; these collectors made many mistakes in their notes, should be interpreted with precaution]

  7. 36.

    R. Peneya, Puerto Tokio, right bank, [0°02′58″N, 74°15′W], col. K. Izawa, 12/1971, IAVH1615

  8. 37.

    Cuemani, bank of r. Caquetá, Cuemaní community, [0°32′16.66″S, 72°58′39.18″W], col. W. Townsend, 19/12/1984, IAVH5250

  9. 38.

    Araracuara, left bank r. Caquetá, [0°35′57.42″S, 72°23′55.34″W], col. R. Franco, 10/1984, IAVH4244, IAVH5244; col. W. Townsend, 1983, IAVH5303; col. E. Barriga, 04/1965, ICN1548

  10. 39.

    Above the rapids of r. Yari [one assumes the lowest rapids on the Yarí, since there are many, but the lower rapids are the most accessible], [0°12′30.47″N, 72°28′34.95″W], col. J. Sanchez, 06/1972, IAVH1618

Putumayo

  1. 40.

    Mpio Mocoa, Puerto Limón, Serranía de los Churumbelos, camino Indiyacu-Mocoa [1°03′00.46″N, 76°30′0.86″W], col. C. O. León, J. Fuentes, E. Chaparro, 27/05/1972, ICN14775

  2. 41.

    Putumayo-Nariño, upper drainage Rumiyaco-Ranchería rivers (Kofan territory), [1°09′10″N, 76°48′46.24″W ESTIMATED], col. Y. Muñoz, 11/09/1998, IAVH6067, IAVH6068, IAVH6069

  3. 42.

    R. Mecaya, [0°27′59.81″N, 75°19′59.9″W], col. P. Hershkovitz, 02–23/03/1952, FMNH70590, FMNH70591, FMNH70592, FMNH70593, FMNH70594, FMNH70595, FMNH70596, FMNH70597, FMNH70598, FMNH70599, FMNH70560,

  4. 43.

    R. Consaya, [0°31′09″N, 75°05′49.96″W], col. P. Hershkovitz, 18–25/03/1952, FMNH0561, FMNH0562, FMNH0563, FMNH70564, FMNH70565

  5. 44.

    Puerto Leguizamo, Caucayá C. Velasquez farm, Limoncocha, [0°10′55.28″S, 74°48′27.69″W], col. H. Chiriví, J. A. Mora, 01/08/1973, IAVH0599

  6. 45.

    Puerto Leguizamo, [0°11′16.66″S, 74°47′08.69″W], col. Watanabe, 1973–1974, IAVH2695

Guainía

  1. 46.

    Puerto Inírida, [3°51′54.85″N, 67°55′25.58″W], col. W. Townsend, 27/02/1981, IAVH5596

  2. 47.

    Puerto Inírida, Morroco community rapids, [2°58′30.72″N, 68°40′22.31″W], col. W. Townsend, 13/04/1981, IAVH6089, IAVH5583

  3. 48.

    R. Inírida, c. Zancudo, [2°46′10.83″N, 69°21′26.78″W], col. W. Townsend, 19/04/1981, IAVH5595

Vaupés

  1. 49.

    R. Pacoa, [0°10′N, 71°20′W], col. F. Medem, 02/1912, ICN2174, ICN4714, ICN4715

  2. 50.

    [Left bank r. Vaupés], Mandí, [1°06′00.29″N, 70°43′11.23″W], col. J. Morales, C. Cruz, A. Samper, 09/11/1973, IAVH1547

  3. 51.

    R. Apaporis, left bank c. Pintadillo, 1°02′S, 69°39′W, obs. E. Palacios, 2001–2003, [Palacios & Peres, 2005]

  4. 52.

    Estación Biológica Mosiro Itajura-Caparú, [1°04′32.8″S, 69°30′55.47″W], obs. T. R. Defler (1995, 1996, 1999)

  5. 53.

    Nomi Wolly Monkey 1º0′3.79″S 69º53′21.6″W, black woolly taken by indigenous locals, raised by humans

Amazonas

  1. 54.

    R. Apaporis, La Providencia (Yaviya), [1°06′42.08″N, 72°34′54.89″W], col. F. Medem, 10/02/1952, ICN1797

  2. 55.

    R. Mirití-Paraná, Puerto Rastrojo, right bank, [1°05′S, 70°20′W], col. T. R. Defler, 12/08/1980, IAVH3025, IAVH3031, IAVH5990

  3. 56.

    La Chorrera, [1°26′54.39″S, 72°47′32.47″W], col. W. Townsend, 12/1984, IAVH5246

  4. 57.

    R. Caquetá, left bank, Cachaní rapids, [0°34′01.50″S, 72°44′28.72″W], col. T. R. Defler, 04/1993, IAVH6019

  5. 58.

    R. Caquetá, La Pedrera, [1°19′24.29″S, 69°34′58.29″W], col. E. del Giudice, 12/08/1987, IAVH5590, IAVH5591, IAVH5592

  6. 59.

    R. Caquetá, right bank, c. El Ayo, 1°35′S, 69°30′W, obs. E. Palacios, 2001–2003, [Palacios & Peres, 2005]

  7. 60.

    R. Puré, right bank, [2°07′09.98″S, 69°37¨W], obs. T. R. Defler,

  8. 61.

    R. Cotuhué, left bank, Santa Rita, [3°01′S, 70°06′W], col. T. R. Defler, 04/1993, IAVH6030, IAVH6034

  9. 62.

    Amacayacu National Park [administrative center], [3°49′05.02″S, 70°15′45.71″W], col. A. Villa-L., nd, IAVH5337, IAVH5738; col. C. Campos, nd, IAVH5366

  10. 63.

    R. Amacayacu, c. Brava, [3°42′13.23″S, 70°20′21.21″W], col. J.Sinisterra, 06/07/1989, IAVH5918

  11. 64.

    Leticia, [4°11′36.11″S, 69°56′28.64″W], col. A. Villa-L., ND, IAVH5562; col. J. Garcés, 10/08/1973, IAVH1507; col. O. Pinto, 13/04/1986, IAVH6144

  12. 65.

    Amacayacu National Park, Estación Ecológica Omé, R. Purité,

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Defler, T. (2014). Colombian Lagothrix: Analysis of Their Phenotypes and Taxonomy. In: Defler, T., Stevenson, P. (eds) The Woolly Monkey. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects, vol 39. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0697-0_3

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