Abstract
Patients with serious mental illnesses (SMI) have greater odds of having chronic and multiple physical comorbidities, leading to increased morbidity and early morbidity. The majority of the population receives their health care services in public sector settings. Historically, there have been ongoing concerns about poor coordination and integration of primary care and mental health services in the public sector, leading to poor quality of care and outcomes for patients. This chapter provides an overview of the historical roots of the current public health and mental health systems, and addresses clinical and professional issues arising for psychiatrists in light of anticipated changes to the public mental health system.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Druss BG. The mental health/primary care interface in the United States: history, structure, and context. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2002;24(4):197–202.
Hawkins D, Groves D. The future role of community health centers in a changing health care landscape. J Ambul Care Manage. 2011;34(1):90–9. doi:10.1097/JAC.0b013e3182047e87.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational outlook handbook. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor; 2012–2013.
Lewin M, Altman S. America’s Health Care Safety Net. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 2000.
Witkin M, Atay JE, Manderscheid RW, DeLozier J, Male A, Gillespe R. Highlights of organized mental health services. In: Manderscheid R, Henderson MH, editors. Mental Health, United States, 1988. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services; 1998.
Kessler R, Berglund PA, Walters EE, Leaf PJ, Kousis AC, Bruce ML, et al. A methodology for estimating the 12-month-prevalence of serious mental illness. Mental Health, United States, 1998. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services; 1998.
Hartley D, Bird DC, Lambert D, Coffin J. The role of community mental health centers as rural safety net providers. Portland, ME: Edmund S. Muskie School of Public Service; 2002.
Bureau of Primary Health Care. Uniform data system. Washington, DC: Health Resources and Services Administration; 2002.
Rosenbaum S, Jones E, Shin P, Tolbert J. Community health centers: opportunities and challenges of health reform. Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured; 2010. p. 8098.
Ku L, Richard P, Dor A, Tan E, Shin P, Rosenbaum S. Strengthening primary care to bend the cost curve: The expansion of community health centers through health reform. Policy Research Brief No. 19; 2010
Rosenblatt RA, Andrilla CH, Curtin T, Hart LG. Shortages of medical personnel at community health centers: implications for planned expansion. JAMA. 2006;295(9):1042–9.
Forrest CB. Primary care in the United States: primary care gatekeeping and referrals: effective filter or failed experiment? BMJ. 2003;326(7391):692–5.
Olfson M, Marcus SC, Druss B, Elinson L, Tanielian T, Pincus HA. National trends in the outpatient treatment of depression. JAMA. 2002;287(2):203–9.
Xierali IM, Tong ST, Petterson SM, Puffer JC, Phillips Jr RL, Bazemore AW. Family physicians are essential for mental health care delivery. J Am Board Fam Med. 2013;26(2):114–5.
Health M. United States, 2010. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2012.
Miller BF, Druss B. The role of family physicians in mental health care delivery in the United States: implications for health reform. J Am Board Fam Med. 2013;26(2):111–3.
Culpepper L. The role of primary care clinicians in diagnosing and treating bipolar disorder. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;12 suppl 1:4–9.
Lester H, Tritter JQ, Sorohan H. Patients’ and health professionals’ views on primary care for people with serious mental illness: focus group study. BMJ. 2005;330(7500):1122.
Borba CP, Depadilla L, McCarty FA, von Esenwein SA, Druss BG, Sterk CE. A qualitative study examining the perceived barriers and facilitators to medical healthcare services among women with a serious mental illness. Womens Health Issues. 2012;22(2):e217–24.
Anderson KK, Fuhrer R, Wynant W, Abrahamowicz M, Buckeridge DL, Malla A. Patterns of health services use prior to a first diagnosis of psychosis: the importance of primary care. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013;48(9):1389–98.
Alakeson V, Frank RG, Katz RE. Specialty care medical homes for people with severe, persistent mental disorders. Health Aff (Millwood). 2010;29(5):867–73.
Koyanagi C. Get it together: how to integrate physical and mental health care for people with serious mental illness. Washington, DC: Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law; 2004.
Druss BG, Rosenheck RA. Locus of mental health treatment in an integrated service system. Psychiatr Serv. 2000;51(7):890–2.
St Peter RF, Reed MC, Kemper P, Blumenthal D. Changes in the scope of care provided by primary care physicians. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(26):1980–5.
Mauer B. Behavioral health/primary care integration: finance, policy and integration of services. Rockville, MD: National Council for Community Behavioral Healthcare; 2006.
Parks J, Pollack D, Mauer B. Integrating behavioral health and primary care services: opportunities and challenges for State Mental Health Authorities. Alexandria, VA: National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors; 2004.
Bartels SJ. Caring for the whole person: integrated health care for older adults with severe mental illness and medical comorbidity. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(12 suppl):S249–57.
Parks J, Svedsen D, editors. Morbidity and mortality in people with serious mental illness. Alexandria, VA: National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors; 2006.
Druss BG, Bradford WD, Rosenheck RA, Radford MJ, Krumholz HM. Quality of medical care and excess mortality in older patients with mental disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001; 58(6):565–72.
Sokal J, Messias E, Dickerson FB, Kreyenbuhl J, Brown CH, Goldberg RW, et al. Comorbidity of medical illnesses among adults with serious mental illness who are receiving community psychiatric services. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004;192(6):421–7.
Sowers W. Transforming systems of care: the American Association of Community Psychiatrists Guidelines for Recovery Oriented Services. Community Ment Health J. 2005; 41(6):757–74.
Pincus HA, Page AE, Druss B, Appelbaum PS, Gottlieb G, England MJ. Can psychiatry cross the quality chasm? Improving the quality of health care for mental and substance use conditions. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(5):712–9.
SAMHSA-HRSA Center for Integrated Health Solutions. http://www.integration.samhsa.gov/
What is a health home? Available from: http://blog.samhsa.gov/2010/12/04/what-is-a-health-home/
California Institute for Mental Health. www.cimh.org/portals/0/documents/CF%20Integration%20Paper%20-%20Volume%201.pdf
Parthasarathy S, Mertens J, Moore C, Weisner C. Utilization and cost impact of integrating substance abuse treatment and primary care. Med Care. 2003;41(3):357–67.
Druss BG, von Esenwein SA, Compton MT, Rask KJ, Zhao L, Parker RM. A randomized trial of medical care management for community mental health settings: the Primary Care Access, Referral, and Evaluation (PCARE) study. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(2):151–9.
AIMS Center. Patient-centered integrated behavioral health care principles and tasks. Seattle, WA: University of Washington; 2011.
Sowers W, Pollack D, Everett A, Thompson KS, Ranz J, Primm A. Progress in workforce development since 2000: advanced training opportunities in public and community psychiatry. Psychiatr Serv. 2011;62(7):782–8.
Mueser KT, Salyers MP, Rosenberg SD, Goodman LA, Essock SM, Osher FC, et al. Interpersonal trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with severe mental illness: demographic, clinical, and health correlates. Schizophr Bull. 2004;30(1):45–57.
Halpern R, Boulter P. Population-based health care: definitions and applications. Boston, MA: Tufts Health Care Institute; 2000.
Hoffman C, Paradise J. Health insurance and access to health care in the United States. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1136:149–60.
Ayanian JZ, Weissman JS, Schneider EC, Ginsburg JA, Zaslavsky AM. Unmet health needs of uninsured adults in the United States. JAMA. 2000;284(16):2061–9.
Newton MF, Keirns CC, Cunningham R, Hayward RA, Stanley R. Uninsured adults presenting to US emergency departments: assumptions vs data. JAMA. 2008;300(16):1914–24.
Clancy CM. The persistent challenge of avoidable hospitalizations. Health Serv Res. 2005; 40(4):953–6.
Pleis JR, Lucas JW, Ward BW. Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2008 (Data from the National Health Survey). Vital Health Stat 10. 2009; 242:1–157.
Berenson J, Shih A. Higher readmissions at safety-net hospitals and potential policy solutions. Issue Brief (Commonw Fund). 2012;34:1–16.
Druss B, von Esenwein S. Improving primary medical care for persons with mental and addictive disorders: systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2006;28(2):145–53.
Viswanathan M, Kraschnewski J, Nishikawa B, Morgan LC, Thieda P, Honeycutt A, et al. Outcomes of community health worker interventions. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment. 2009(181):1–144, A1-2, B1-14, passim.
Goodwin K, Tobler L. Community health workers expanding the scope of the health care delivery system. Washington, DC: National Council of State Legislatures; 2008.
Campbell J, Leaver J. Emerging new practices in organized peer support. Report from NTAC’s National Experts Meeting on Emerging New Practices in Organized Peer Support March 17–18, 2003, Alexandria, VA.
Daniels A, Grant E, Filson B, Powel I, Fricks L, Goodale L. Pillars of peer support: transforming mental health systems of care through peer support services. Atlanta, GA: The Carter Center; 2010.
Salzer MS, Schwenk E, Brusilovskiy E. Certified peer specialist roles and activities: results from a national survey. Psychiatr Serv. 2010;61(5):520–3.
Genesys Health Network program summary in AHRQ Health Care Innovations Exchange. Available from: http://www.innovations.ahrq.gov/content.aspx?id=2905
Torres T. A model for self-management support in the patient-centered medical home. Grand Blanc, MI: Genesys Health Network; 2009.
Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption—II. Addiction. 1993;88(6):791–804.
Hanson A, Levin BL. Mental health informatics. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013.
Druss BG, Dimitropoulos L. Advancing the adoption, integration, and testing of technological advancements within existing care systems. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013;35(4):345–8.
Leonard K. Excluded groups want in on health information technology funding. Kaiser Health News; 2011.
Fortney JC, Pyne JM, Mouden SB, Mittal D, Hudson TJ, Schroeder GW, et al. Practice-based versus telemedicine-based collaborative care for depression in rural federally qualified health centers: a pragmatic randomized comparative effectiveness trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2013; 170(4):414–25.
St. Clair J. Lawyers join doctors to ease patients’ legal anxieties. NPR Health; 2013.
Collins CC, Hewson DL, Munger R, Wade T. Evolving models of behavioral health integration in primary care. New York: Milbank Memorial Fund; 2010.
Bower P, Gilbody S, Richards D, Fletcher J, Sutton A. Collaborative care for depression in primary care. Making sense of a complex intervention: systematic review and meta-regression. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;189:484–93.
Berry-Millett R, Bodenheimer TS. Care management of patients with complex health care needs. The Synthesis project. Research synthesis report No. 19; 2009.
Shim RS, Koplan C, Langheim FJ, Manseau M, Oleskey C, Powers RA, et al. Health care reform and integrated care: a golden opportunity for preventive psychiatry. Psychiatr Serv. 2012;63(12):1231–3.
Runnels P. Case studies in public-sector leadership: addressing the problem of appointment nonadherence with a plan for a walk-in clinic. Psychiatr Serv. 2013;64(5):404–6.
Cerimele JM, Katon WJ, Sharma V, Sederer LI. Delivering psychiatric services in primary-care setting. Mt Sinai J Med. 2012;79(4):481–9.
Heath B, Wise Romero P, Reynolds K. A review and proposed standard framework for levels of integrated healthcare. Washington, DC: SAMHSA-HRSA Center for Integrated Health Solutions; 2013.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Available from: http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/
American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:596–601.
Mitchell AJ, Vancampfort D, Sweers K, van Winkel R, Yu W, De Hert M. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and metabolic abnormalities in schizophrenia and related disorders—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2013;39(2):306–18.
Fisher M, Baum F. The social determinants of mental health: implications for research and health promotion. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010;44(12):1057–63.
Jenkinson J, Oakley C, Mason F. Teamwork: the art of being a leader and a team player. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2013;19:221–8.
Kuno E, Rothbard AB. The effect of income and race on quality of psychiatric care in community mental health centers. Community Ment Health J. 2005;41(5):613–22.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
von Esenwein, S.A., Druss, B. (2014). Integrating Care in the Public Sector. In: Summergrad, P., Kathol, R. (eds) Integrated Care in Psychiatry. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0688-8_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0688-8_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-0687-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-0688-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)