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Recent Advances in Neuroimaging Biomarkers of Schizophrenia

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Schizophrenia

Abstract

Neuroimaging has shown much promise as potential biomarker for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring of schizophrenia. Studies have demonstrated that schizophrenia is associated with widespread alteration in the brain’s gray matter and white matter structure, and disruption in the brain’s connectivities and activities. More recent advances in neuroimaging data collection and analysis methods have allowed for the examination of these disruptions in a coordinated, global fashion. Analyses of large-scale networks using multivariate and multimodal approaches are providing evidence that schizophrenia is a disorder of neural and cognitive integration with subtle, multifocal abnormalities involving local changes of global brain network architecture. Notwithstanding current advances, critical questions remain unsettled regarding the utility of neuroimaging for individualized diagnosis and monitoring, clarifying disease mechanism with treatment and comorbidity, and characterizing psychosis spectra in general.

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Abbreviations

CP:

Context processing

CPT:

Continuous performance task

DMS:

Delayed match to sample

EF:

Executive function, including DMS, GNG, MA, NB, OB, SR, ST, WCS, and WG

EL:

Emotion-labeling

EME:

Episodic memory, encoding

EMR:

Episodic memory, retrieval

FF:

Fearful faces

FN:

Fear and neutral faces

GNG:

Go/No-Go

MA:

Mental arithmetic

NB:

N-Back

NF:

Negative faces

NI:

Negative images vs. neutral images

NV:

Nonvisual speech

OB:

Oddball

PC:

Pavlovian conditioning

RI:

Response inhibition

RP:

Reward prediction

SA:

Speech appraisal

SL:

Listening to speech

SP:

Speech/non-speech

SR:

Sequence recall

ST:

Stroop

VB:

Verbal fluency

WCS:

Wisconsin card sorting

WG:

Word generation

WM:

Working memory

ACC:

Anterior cingulate cortex

AG:

Amygdala

BG:

Basal ganglia

CD:

Caudate

CG:

Cingulate gyrus

DLPFC:

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

ERC:

Entorhinal cortex

GP:

Globus pallidus

HG:

Heschl’s gyrus

HP:

Hippocampus

IFG:

Inferior frontal gyrus

IPL:

Inferior parietal lobule

MPFC:

Medial prefrontal cortex

MSFG:

Medial superior frontal gyrus

MTG:

Middle temporal gyrus

MTL:

Medial temporal lobe

NAc:

Nucleus accumbens

OFG:

Orbitofrontal gyrus

PCC:

Posterior cingulate cortex

PFC:

Prefrontal cortex

PHG:

Parahippocampal gyrus

PPC:

Posterior parietal cortex

PT:

Planum temporale

PUT:

Putamen

STG:

Superior temporal gyrus

TH:

Thalamus

VLPFC:

Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

VSTR:

Ventral striatum

AF:

Arcuate fasciculus, connecting STG and IPL with inferior frontal gyrus. AF is important in language processing

ALIC:

Anterior limb of the internal capsule

CB:

Cingulum bundle, connecting paralimbic-neocortical brain regions, also connecting limbic structures including DLPFC, CG, PHG, and AG. CB is involved in a number of functions, including pain perception, emotion, self-monitoring, and spatial orientation and memory

CC:

Corpus callosum

FX:

Fornix

ILF:

Inferior longitudinal fasciculus, connecting the anterior temporal and occipital regions

IOF:

Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus, connecting the frontal with occipital and temporal lobes

PLIC:

Posterior limb of the internal capsule

SLF:

Superior longitudinal fasciculus, connecting the frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes

UF:

Uncinate fasciculus, connecting OFG and IFG with the anterior pole and the AG. UF is involved functionally in decision making, autobiographical and episodic memory, as well as in social behavior

FA:

Fractional anisotropy

MD:

Mean diffusivity

DMN:

Default mode network

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the following NIH grants: 1R01 MH084803, 1 U01 MH097435, P50 MH071616, and R01 MH056584. The authors would like to thank Eva C. Alden, Katherine D. Blizinsky, and Daniel B. Stern for assistance on literature search.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 N. Lake Shore Drive, Abbott Hall 1322, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA

    Lei Wang

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 446 E. Ontario, Suite 7-200, Chicago, IL, 60610, USA

    John G. Csernansky

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  1. Lei Wang
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Correspondence to Lei Wang .

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  1. Department of Psychiatry, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Philip G. Janicak

  2. UCLA Semel Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Stephen R. Marder

  3. College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

    Rajiv Tandon

  4. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Morris Goldman

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Wang, L., Csernansky, J.G. (2014). Recent Advances in Neuroimaging Biomarkers of Schizophrenia. In: Janicak, P., Marder, S., Tandon, R., Goldman, M. (eds) Schizophrenia. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0656-7_6

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