Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Schizophrenia pp 3–12Cite as

Introduction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 4615 Accesses

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder which typically afflicts younger individuals, often leading to lifelong disability. The most dramatic aspect of this disease is the periodic episodes of psychotic symptoms (e.g., auditory hallucinations, paranoid delusions) which at times require emergent interventions to protect the individual and others. This illness, however, also includes more persistent impairment in multiple areas of cognition, substantial deficits in interpersonal relationships, and depressed mood, at times predisposing individuals to a heightened risk of suicide. The culmination of these symptoms may be a marked diminution in the ability to function adequately (e.g., socially, occupationally), as well as a greatly diminished quality of life.

This book provides the reader with information about the need for and components of a comprehensive strategy to help patients; the optimal use of existing biological and psychosocial therapies; the use of novel treatments based on positive preliminary efficacy, safety, and tolerability findings; and future directions in addressing the diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of schizophrenia. The goal is to review the most promising areas of research into this disorder and translate their findings into practical recommendations for improving the lives of patients who suffer from schizophrenia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Harvey PD, Heaton RK, Carpenter Jr WT, Green MF, Gold JM, Schoenbaum M. Functional impairment in people with schizophrenia: focus on employability and eligibility for disability compensation. Schizophr Res. 2012;140(1–3):1–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Laursen TM, Munk-Olsen T, Vestergaard M. Life expectancy and cardiovascular mortality in persons with schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012;25(2):83–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Tandon R, Nasrallah HA, Keshavan MS. Schizophrenia, “Just the Facts”. Part 4: clinical features and concept. Schizophr Res. 2009;110:1–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Tandon R, Carpenter WT. DSM-5 status of psychotic disorders: 1-year pre-publication. Schizophr Bull. 2012;38:369–70.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5 (DSM-5) th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  6. McGrath J, Saha S, Welham J, El Saadi O, MacCauley C, Chant D. A systematic review of the incidence of schizophrenia: the distribution of rates and the influence of sex, urbanicity, migrant status and methodology. BMC Med. 2004;2:13.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Tandon R, Keshavan MS, Nasrallah HA. Schizophrenia, “Just the Facts”. What we know in 2008. Part 2: epidemiology and etiology. Schizophr Res. 2008;102:1–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Saha S, Chant D, Welham J, McGrath J. A systematic review of the prevalence of schizophrenia. PLoS Med. 2005;2(5):e141.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. March D, Hatch SL, Morgan C, Kirkbride JB, Bresnahan M, Fearon P, Sussner E. Psychosis and place. Epidemiol Rev. 2008;30:84–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Davies G, Welham J, Chant D, Torey EF, McGrath J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of Northern Hemisphere season of birth studies in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2003;29:587–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Myers NL. Update: schizophrenia across cultures. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2011;13:305–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Brown AS. The environment and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Prog Neurobiol. 2011;93(1):23–58.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Nicodemus KK, Marenco S, Batten AJ, Vakkalanka R, Egan MF, Straub RE, Weinberger DR. Serious obstetric complications interact with hypoxia-regulated/vascular expression genes to influence schizophrenia risk. Mol Psychiatry. 2008;13(9):873–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Arseneault L, Cannon M, Poulton R, Murray R, Caspi A, Moffitt TE. Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study. BMJ. 2002;325:1212–3.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Large M, Sharma S, Compton MT, Slade T, Nielssen O. Cannabis use and earlier onset of psychosis: a systematic meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(6):555–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Foti DJ, Kotov R, Guey LT, Bromet EJ. Cannabis use and the course of schizophrenia: 10-year follow-up after first hospitalization. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167:987–93.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Cannon M, McClay J, Murray R, Harrington H, Taylor A, Arseneault L, Williams B, Braithwaite A, Poulton R, Craig IW. Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene: longitudinal evidence of a gene X environment interaction. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(10):1117–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Keshavan MS, Nasrallah HA, Tandon R. Schizophrenia, “Just the Facts” 3. Neurobiology. Schizophr Res. 2008;106:89–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Nielsen MO, Rostrup E, Wulff S, Bak N, Broberg BV, Lublin H, Kapur S, Glenthoj B. Improvement of brain reward abnormalities by antipsychotic monotherapy in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(12):1195–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Li D, He L. Association study between the NMDA receptor 2B subunit gene (GRIN2B) and schizophrenia: a HuGE review and meta-analysis. Genet Med. 2007;9(1):4–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Sato J, Shimazu D, Yamamoto N, Nishikawa T. An association analysis of synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97) gene in schizophrenia. J Neural Transm. 2008;115(9):1355–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bosia M, Anselmetti S, Pirovano A, Ermoli E, Marino E, Bramanti P, Smeraldi E, Cavallaro R. HTTLPR functional polymorphisms in schizophrenia: executive functions vs. sustained attention dissociation. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010;34(1):81–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hanninen K, Katila H, Saarela M, Rontu R, Mattila KM, Fan M, Hurme M, Lehtimaki T. Interleukin-1 beta gene polymorphism and its interactions with neuregulin-1 gene polymorphism are associated with schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008;258(1):10–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Chandley MJ, Miller MN, Kwasigroch CN, Wilson TD, Miller BE. Increased antibodies for the α7 subunit of the nicotinic receptor in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2009;109(1–3):98–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Roth TL, Lubin FD, Sodhi M, Kleinman JE. Epigenetic mechanisms in schizophrenia. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1790(9):869–77.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Doherty JL, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ. Recent genomic advances in schizophrenia. Clin Genet. 2012;81(2):103–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Tiwari AK, Zai CC, Muller DJ, Kennedy JL. Genetics in schizophrenia: where are we and what next? Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2010;12:289–303.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Levy RJ, Xu B, Gogos JA, Karayiorgou M. Copy number variation and psychiatric disease risk. Methods Mol Biol. 2012;838:97–113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Maric NP, Svrakic DM. Why schizophrenia genetics needs epigenetics: a review. Psychiatr Danub. 2012;24(1):2–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Smoller JW, Craddock N, Kendler K, Lee PH, Neale BM, Nurnberger JL, Ripke S, Santangelo S, Sullivan PF. Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet. 2013;381(9875):1371–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Gebicke-Haerter PJ. Epigenetics of schizophrenia. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2012;45 Suppl 1:S42–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Dempster E, Viana J, Pidsley R, Mill J. Epigenetic studies of schizophrenia: progress, predicaments, and promised for the future. Schizophr Bull. 2013;39(1):11–6.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Boks MP, de Jong NM, Kas MJ, Vinkers CH, Fernandes C, Kahn RS, Mill J, Ophoff RA. Current status and future prospects for epigenetic psychopharmacology. Epigenetics. 2012;7(1):20–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ruiz S, Birbaumer N, Sitaram R. Abnormal neural connectivity in schizophrenia and fMRI-brain-computer-interface as a potential therapeutic approach. Front Psychiatry. 2013;4:17.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Fornito A, Yoon J, Zalesky A, Bullmore ET, Carter CS. General and specific functional connectivity disturbances in first-episode schizophrenia during cognitive control performance. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;70:64–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Howes OD, Kambeitz J, Kim E, Stahl D, Slifstein M, et al. The nature of dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia and what this means for treatment: meta-analysis of imaging studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(8):776–86.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Olabi B, Ellison-Wright I, McIntosh AM, Wood SJ, Bullmore E, Lawrie SM. Are there progressive brain changes in schizophrenia? A meta-analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging studies. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;70:88–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Voineskos AN, Foussias G, Lerch J, Felsky D, Remington G, Rajji TK, Lobaugh N, Pollock BG, Mulsant BH. Neuroimaging evidence for the deficit subtype of schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(5):472–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kochunov P, Glahn DC, Rowland LM, Olvera RL, Winkler A, et al. Testing the hypothesis of accelerated cerebral white matter aging in schizophrenia and major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;73:482–91.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Andreasen NC, Nopoulos P, Magnotta V, Pierson R, Ziebell S, Ho BC. Progressive brain change in schizophrenia: a prospective longitudinal study of first-episode schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;70:672–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Iritani S. What happens in the brain of schizophrenia patients? An investigation from the viewpoint of neuropathology. Nagoya J Med Sci. 2013;75(1–2):11–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Ferrarelli F. Endophenotypes and biological markers and of schizophrenia: from biological signs of illness to novel treatment targets. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(36):6462–79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Light GA, Swerdlow NR, Rissling AJ, Radant A, Sugar CA, Srock J, Pela M, Geyer MA, Braff DL. Characterization of neurophysiologic and neurocognitive biomarkers for use in genomic and clinical outcome studies of schizophrenia. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e39434.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Braff DL, Freedman R, Schork NJ, Gottesman II. Deconstructing schizophrenia: an overview of the use of endophenotypes in order to understand a complex disorder. Schizophr Bull. 2007;33(1):21–32.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Daskalakis ZJ. On a quest for the elusive schizophrenia biomarker. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;72:714–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Lewis DA, Hashimoto T, Volk DW. Cortical inhibitory neurons and schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6(4):312–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hasan A, Wobrock T, Grefkes C, et al. Deficient inhibitory cortical networks in antipsychotic-naïve subjects at risk of developing first-episode psychosis and first-episode schizophrenia patients: a cross-sectional study. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;72(9):744–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Ahmed AO, Buckley PF, Hanna M. Neuroimaging schizophrenia: a picture is worth a thousand words, but is saying it anything important? Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013;15:345.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Greenwood TA, Swerdlow NR, Gur NR, Cadenhead KS, Calkins ME, Dobie DJ, et al. Genome-wide linkage analyses of 12 Endophenotypes for schizophrenia from the consortium on the genetics of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(5):521–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Tucci V, Lassi G, Kas MJ. Current understanding of the interplay between catechol-O-methyltransferase genetic variants, sleep, brain development and cognitive performance in schizophrenia. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2012;11(3):292–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Fusar-Poli P, Borgwardt S, Bechdolf A, Addington J, Riecher-Rossler A, et al. The psychosis high-risk state: a comprehensive state-of-the-art review. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(1):107–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Fusar-Poli P, Deste G, Smieskova R, Barlati S, Yung AR, et al. Cognitive functioning in prodromal psychosis: a meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(6):562–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Liu CC, Chien YL, Hsieh MH, Hwang TJ, Hwu HG, Liu CM. Aripiprazole for drug-naïve or antipsychotic-short-exposure subjects with ultra-high risk state and first-episode psychosis: an open-label study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;33:18–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Emsley R, Oosthuizen P, Koen L, Niehaus D, Martinez L. Comparison of treatment response in second-episode versus first-episode schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;33:80–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Hogarty GE, Schooler NR, Ulrich R, Mussare F, Ferro P, Herron E. Fluphenazine and social therapy in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients. Relapse analyses of a two-year controlled study of fluphenazine decanoate and fluphenazine hydrochloride. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1979;36(12):1283–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Hogarty GE, Ulrich RF. The limitations of antipsychotic medication on schizophrenia relapse and adjustment and the contributions of psychosocial treatment. J Psychiatr Res. 1998;32(3–4):243–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, 2150 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA

    Philip G. Janicak

  2. UCLA Semel Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Stephen R. Marder

  3. College of Medicine, University of Florida, 100256, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0256, USA

    Rajiv Tandon

  4. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, East Ontario 446, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA

    Morris Goldman

Authors
  1. Philip G. Janicak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stephen R. Marder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rajiv Tandon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Morris Goldman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Philip G. Janicak .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Philip G. Janicak

  2. UCLA Semel Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Stephen R. Marder

  3. College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

    Rajiv Tandon

  4. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Morris Goldman

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Janicak, P.G., Marder, S.R., Tandon, R., Goldman, M. (2014). Introduction. In: Janicak, P., Marder, S., Tandon, R., Goldman, M. (eds) Schizophrenia. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0656-7_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0656-7_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-0655-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-0656-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation