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Toxicology of Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine and the Pathology of the Retinopathy They Cause

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Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine Retinopathy

Abstract

The 4-aminoquinolines are predictably toxic at high enough concentrations. Toxicity in all tissues derives from derangement of lysosomal function and is dose dependent. Chloroquine is more toxic than hydroxychloroquine. The sensitivity of different cell types varies, but all cells exhibiting toxic effects accumulate myelin bodies.

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Abbreviations

ABW:

Actual body weight

4AQs:

4-Aminoquinolines (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine)

4AQR:

4-Aminoquinoline retinopathy

A2E:

N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine

C:

Chloroquine

C-tubes:

Curvilinear tubules

d:

Day

ED50:

Effective dose 50

EOG:

Electrooculogram

ERG:

Electroretinogram

GCL:

Ganglion cell layer

g:

Gram

HC:

Hydroxychloroquine

IBW:

Ideal body weight

IM:

Intramuscular

INL:

Inner nuclear layer

IP:

Intraperitoneal

IPL:

Inner plexiform layer

IV:

Intravenous

kg:

Kilogram

L:

Liter

LD50:

Lethal dose 50

M:

Mole

MCB:

Membranous cytoplasmic body

mfERG:

Multifocal electroretinography

mg:

Milligram

μM:

Micromoles/L

nm:

Nanometer

NSAID:

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

PR:

Photoreceptor

RA:

Rheumatoid arthritis

RPE:

Retinal pigment epithelium

TD50:

Toxic dose 50

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    David J. Browning

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Browning, D.J. (2014). Toxicology of Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine and the Pathology of the Retinopathy They Cause. In: Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine Retinopathy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0597-3_3

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