Skip to main content

Epidemiology/Prevalence of Dyslipidemia in the General Population and in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Dyslipidemias in Kidney Disease
  • 786 Accesses

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Dyslipidemia, which is a major traditional risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is very common both in the general population and in patients with CKD. Epidemiologic studies have shown that dyslipidemia is frequently associated with other metabolic disturbances. Several studies have reported that lipoprotein abnormalities exist in a wide range of patients with kidney disease. Lipid abnormalities are observed in patients with CKD stages 1–4, in patients with nephrotic syndrome, in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients, and even in kidney transplant recipients. These abnormalities contribute to the risk of cardiovascular disease in these patients. Moreover, dyslipidemia may adversely affect the progression of renal disease in patients with CKD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Khot UN, Khot MB, Bajzer CT, Sapp SK, Ohman EM, Brener SJ, et al. Prevalence of conventional risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease. JAMA. 2003;290:898–904.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care. 1993;16(2):434–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Verschuren WM, Jacobs DR, Bloemberg BP, Kromhout D, Menotti A, Aravanis C, et al. Serum total cholesterol and long-term coronary heart disease mortality in different cultures. Twenty-five-year follow-up of the seven countries study. JAMA. 1995;274:131–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. World Health Organization. Quantifying selected major risks to health. In: The World Health report 2012—reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Chap. 4. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002. p. 47–97.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Lewington S, Whitlock G, Clarke R, Sherliker P, Emberson J, Halsey J, et al. Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths. Lancet. 2007;370:1829–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Neaton JD, Blackburn H, Jacobs D, Kuller L, Lee DJ, Sherwin R, et al. Serum cholesterol level and mortality findings for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:1490–500.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Joosten MM, Pai JK, Bertoia ML, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Mittleman MA, et al. Associations between conventional cardiovascular risk factors and risk of peripheral artery disease in men. JAMA. 2012;308:1660–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Pencina MJ, D’Agostino RB, Larson MG, Massaro JM, Vasan RS. Predicting the 30-year risk of cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Study. Circulation. 2009;119:3078–84.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366:1267–78.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010;376:1670–81.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet. 2012;380:581–90.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127(1):e6–e245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Cohen JD, Cziraky MJ, Cai Q, Wallace A, Wasser T, Crouse JR, et al. 30-year trends in serum lipids among United States adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys II, III, and 1999–2006. (Erratum in: Am J Cardiol. 2010;106: 1826). Am J Cardiol. 2010;106:969–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Daviglus ML, Talavera GA, Avilés-Santa ML, Allison M, Cai J, Criqui MH, et al. Prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular diseases among Hispanic/Latino individuals on diverse backgrounds in the United States. JAMA. 2012;308(17):1775–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Goff DC, Bertoni AG, Kramer H, et al. Dyslipidemia, prevalence, treatment, and control in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA): gender, ethnicity, and coronary artery calcium. Circulation. 2006;113:647–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel in Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel in Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III): final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143–421.

    Google Scholar 

  17. EUROASPIRE Study Group. EUROASPIRE. A European Society of Cardiology survey of secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: principal results. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:1569–82.

    Google Scholar 

  18. EUROASPIRE II Study Group. Lifestyle and risk factor management and use of drug therapies in coronary patients from 15 countries. Principal results from EUROASPIRE II Euro Heart Survey Programme. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:554–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. EUROASPIRE I and II Group. Clinical reality of coronary prevention guidelines: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I and II in nine countries. Lancet. 2001;357:995–1001.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, Pyorala K, Keil U, for the EUROASPIRE Study Group. EUROASPIRE III: a survey on lifestyle, risk factors and use of cardioprotective drug therapies in coronary patients from twenty two European countries. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2009;16:121–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, Pyorala K, Keil U, for the EUROASPIRE Study Group. Cardiovascular prevention guidelines in daily practice: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I, II, and III surveys in eight European countries. Lancet. 2009;373:929–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Guallar-Castillon P, Gil-Montero M, Leon-Munos LM, Graciani A, Bayan-Bravo A, Taboada JM, et al. Magnitude and management of hypercholesterolemia in the adult population of Spain, 2008–2010: the ENRICA Study. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2012;65(6):551–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Süleymanlar G, Utaş C, Arinsoy T, Ateş K, Altun B, Altiparmak MR, et al. A population-based survey of chronic renal disease in Turkey—the CREDIT study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26:1862–71.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Sarnak MJ. Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32:S112–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Coresh J, Longenecker JC, Miller III ER, Young HJ, Klag MJ. Epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors in chronic renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9:S24–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Muntner P, He J, Astor BC, Folsom AR, Coresh J. Traditional and nontraditional risk factors predict coronary heart disease in chronic kidney disease: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:529–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Lowrie EG, Lew NL. Death risk in hemodialysis patients: the predictive value of commonly measured variables and an evaluation of death rate differences between facilities. Am J Kidney Dis. 1990;15:458–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Iseki K, Yamazato M, Tozawa M, Takishita S. Hypocholesterolemia is a significant predictor of death in a cohort of chronic dialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2002;61:1887–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Block G, Humphreys MH, Kopple JD. Reverse epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors in maintenance dialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2003;63:793–808.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Liu Y, Coresh J, Eustace JA, Longenecker JC, Jaar B, Fink NE, et al. Association between cholesterol level and mortality in dialysis patients: role of inflammation and malnutrition. JAMA. 2004;291:451–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Manttari M, Tiula E, Alikoski T, Manninen V. Effects of hypertension and dyslipidemia on the decline in renal function. Hypertension. 1995;26:670–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Schaeffner ES, Kurth T, Curhan GC, Glynn RJ, Rexrode KM, Baigent C, et al. Cholesterol and the risk of renal dysfunction in apparently healthy men. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:2084–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Harper CR, Jacobson TA. Managing dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:2375–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Bagdade J, Casaretto A, Albers J. Effects of chronic uremia, hemodialysis, and renal transplantation on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in man. J Lab Clin Med. 1976;87:38–48.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Vaziri ND, Deng G, Liang K. Hepatic HDL receptor, SR-B1 and Apo A-I expression in chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14:1462–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Vaziri ND, Moradi H. Mechanisms of dyslipidemia of chronic renal failure. Hemodial Int. 2006;10:1–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Aakhus S, Dahl K, Wideroe TE. Hyperlipidemia in renal transplant recipients. J Intern Med. 1996;239:407–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Moore R, Thomas D, Morgan E, Wheeler D, Griffin P, Salaman J, et al. Abnormal lipid and lipoprotein profiles following renal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1993;25:1060–1.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Gonyea JE, Anderson CF. Weight change and serum lipoproteins in recipients of renal allografts. Mayo Clin Proc. 1992;67:653–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Soylemezoglu O, Duzova A, Yalcinkaya F, Arinsoy T, Süleymanlar G. Chronic renal disease in children aged 5–18 years: a population-based survey in Turkey, the CREDIT-D study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27 Suppl 3:iii146–iii51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Sandhu S, Wiebe N, Fried LF, Tonelli M. Statins for improving renal outcomes: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:2006–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Strippoli GFM, Navaneethan SD, Johnson DW, Perkovic V, Pellegrini F, Nicolucci A, et al. Effects of statins in patients with chronic kidney disease: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. BMJ. 2008;336:645–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Wanner C, Krane V, Marz W, Olschewski M, Mann JF, Ruf G, et al. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:238–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Fellstrom BC, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE, Holdaas H, Bannister K, Beutler J, et al. Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1395–407.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, Emberson J, Wheeler DC, Tomson C, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:2181–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tevfik Ecder M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ecder, T. (2014). Epidemiology/Prevalence of Dyslipidemia in the General Population and in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. In: Covic, A., Kanbay, M., Lerma, E. (eds) Dyslipidemias in Kidney Disease. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0515-7_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0515-7_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-0514-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-0515-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics