Abstract
Analysis of biomarkers associated with diseases and disorders in the breath is attractive in clinical diagnoses and management because the sampling is noninvasive. This approach is further strengthened by an increasing evidence of the correlation between exhaled biomarker patterns and the occurrence of certain diseases and disorders. Exhaled biomarkers include both volatile and nonvolatile molecules. Exhaled gases, such as nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, are easily detectable in breath, and their contents have been used to monitor inflammation associated with pulmonary pathologies. In addition, there are volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are related to various metabolic processes within the body. The profiling of the VOCs in breath-gases, referring to a kind of metabolomics called “breathomics,” attracts increasing interest in clinical diagnosis and monitoring purposes in human diseases. The exhaled breath condensate (EBC) contains nonvolatile components, mainly from the airway lining fluid. Substances measured in EBC include oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators, such as arachidonic acid derivatives, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, reduced and oxidized glutathione, and inflammatory cytokines. Although exhaled biomarkers have great potential, their reliability as gold standards is plagued by critical issues such as reproducibility, variability, and sensitivity. In this chapter, the roles of volatile and nonvolatile biomarkers in the breath are reviewed. The full potential of this line of investigation in the occurrence of methodological and technological advancements is promising.
Keywords
- Nitric Oxide
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patient
- Exhale Breath Condensate
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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- AMP:
-
Adenosine monophosphate
- ALF:
-
Airway lining fluid
- CO:
-
Carbon monoxide
- COPD:
-
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- COX:
-
Cyclooxygenases
- Cys:
-
Cysteine
- eNose:
-
Electronic nose
- ELISA:
-
Enzyme immunoassay
- EBC:
-
Exhaled breath condensate
- FeNO:
-
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide
- GC/MS:
-
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- H2O2 :
-
Hydrogen peroxide
- 5-LO:
-
5-Lipoxygenases
- LC/MS:
-
Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- PLA2:
-
Phospholipase A2
- ONOO− :
-
Peroxynitrite
- RIA:
-
Radioimmunoassay
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- RNS:
-
Reactive nitrogen species
- VOCs:
-
Volatile organic compounds
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Liang, Y., Brown, L.A.S. (2014). Role of Exhaled Biomarkers, Volatiles, and Breath Condensate. In: Ganguly, N., Jindal, S., Biswal, S., Barnes, P., Pawankar, R. (eds) Studies on Respiratory Disorders. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0497-6_3
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