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Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species: General Considerations

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Studies on Respiratory Disorders

Abstract

Reactive species provoke amplification of inflammatory response in the airways and lung parenchyma causing inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, and lipid, protein, and DNA damage causing oxidative stress. Long-term persistence of oxidative stress may contribute to progressive deterioration of pulmonary functions leading to respiratory failure. Recent reports, suggesting protein nitration as dynamic and reversible (denitration) mechanism, open new horizons in the treatment of chronic respiratory disease affected by deleterious action of nitrosative stress. Reduced antioxidants in the body overwhelm the system with oxidants and promote cellular oxidative stress. Different species of ROS activate various transcription factors altering signaling pathways, and lead to divergent cellular response.

Therapeutic interventions which increase endogenous lung antioxidants, or with administration of exogenous antioxidants which reduce effects of environmental exposure to oxidants may prove to be beneficial as adjunct therapies in respiratory disorders. Hundreds of antioxidant supplements are readily available in the market which require regulation for efficacy and side effects.

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Acknowledgement

I gratefully acknowledge the help of my students Vivek Singh Malik, Harsimran Sidhu, and Divya Kapoor for their valuable support extended in preparation of the manuscript.

Conflict of Interest Author declares no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India

    Veena Dhawan

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  1. Veena Dhawan
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Correspondence to Veena Dhawan .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India

    Nirmal K. Ganguly

  2. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Educat, Chandigarh, India

    Surinder K. Jindal

  3. Department of Medicine and Oncology, Johns Hopkins College of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Shyam Biswal

  4. National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

    Peter J. Barnes

  5. Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan

    Ruby Pawankar

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Dhawan, V. (2014). Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species: General Considerations. In: Ganguly, N., Jindal, S., Biswal, S., Barnes, P., Pawankar, R. (eds) Studies on Respiratory Disorders. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0497-6_2

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