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Epidemiology and Natural History

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Management of Penile Cancer

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Abstract

This chapter discusses the epidemiology and the natural history of invasive penile cancers, which for the majority involve the squamous mucosal epithelium of the glans, coronal sulcus, and inner preputial surfaces. Epidemiologic data and age-standardized incidence rates of penile cancer in different geographical areas of the world are presented. The etiologic role of phimosis, human papillomavirus infection, lichen sclerosus, psoralen and ultraviolet A photochemotherapy, and penile trauma is reviewed. The impact of risk factors such as socioeconomic status, religion, sexual practices, and other habits, including poor genital hygiene of different racial and ethnic groups on the incidence of penile cancer, is discussed. Factors resulting in diagnostic delay and the stepwise development of penile cancer from a penile lesion to regional lymph nodes involvement and distant metastatic spread are described in the natural history section of the chapter. A critical review of the most significant currently available literature is presented.

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Abbreviations

AAPC:

Average Annual Percentage Change

ASR:

Age-Standardized Rate

CI:

Confidence Interval

CIS:

Carcinoma In Situ

HPV:

Human Papilloma Virus

HR:

Hazard Ratio

LS:

Lichen Sclerosus

OR:

Odds Ratio

PIN:

Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia

PUVA:

Ultraviolet A Photochemotherapy

RR:

Relative Risk

SCC:

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

SEER:

Surveillance Epidemiology, and End Results

SRR:

Standardized Rate Ratio

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 Stanton L. Young Blvd., WP3150, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA

    Massimiliano Spaliviero MD & Daniel J. Culkin MD, FACS

Authors
  1. Massimiliano Spaliviero MD
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  2. Daniel J. Culkin MD, FACS
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Correspondence to Massimiliano Spaliviero MD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA

    Daniel J. Culkin

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Spaliviero, M., Culkin, D.J. (2014). Epidemiology and Natural History. In: Culkin, D. (eds) Management of Penile Cancer. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0461-7_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0461-7_2

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