Key Points
Sports drinks represent a convenient way to ingest water, sugar, and salt during physical activity, three nutrients that provide physiological and performance benefits.
In addition to improving various aspects of physical and cognitive performance, sugar ingestion during exercise also enhances voluntary fluid consumption, blunts the stress hormone response to intense and prolonged exercise, reduces subjective ratings of perceived exertion, and sustains the activity of aspects of immune response.
During strenuous physical activity, consuming a sports drink to replace the water and salts lost in sweat and to supply sugars to fuel active skeletal muscles and the central nervous system is perhaps the simplest, easiest, and least expensive way to improve performance.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Rovell D. First in thirst. New York: AMACOM; 2006.
Murray R, Stofan J. Formulating carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks for optimal efficacy. In: Maughan RJ, Murray R, editors. Sports drinks: basic science and practical aspects. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001. p. 197–223.
Passe DH. Physiological and psychological determinants of fluid intake. In: Maughan RJ, Murray R, editors. Sports drinks: basic science and practical aspects. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2001. p. 45–88.
Lambert G, Shi X, Murray R. The gastrointestinal system. In: Farrell P, editor. ACSM’s Advanced exercise physiology. Philadelphia: Walters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012. p. 357–69.
Leiper J. Gastric emptying and intestinal absorption of fluids, carbohydrates, and electrolytes. In: Maughan M, editor. Sports drinks: basic science and practical aspects. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2001. p. 89–128.
Hunt J, Thillainayagam A, Salim A, Carnaby S, Elliott E, Farthing M. Water and solute absorption from a new hypotonic oral rehydration solution: evaluation in human and animal perfusion models. Gut. 1992;33:1652–9.
IOM. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrates, fiber, Fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2005. p. 1–1331.
Wasserman DH. Four grams of glucose. Amer J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009;296(1):E11–21.
Nybo L. CNS fatigue and prolonged exercise: effect of glucose supplementation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(4):589–94.
Thorens B. Sensing of glucose in the brain. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2012;209:277–94.
Chambers ES, Bridge MW, Jones DA. Carbohydrate sensing in the human mouth: effects on exercise performance and brain activity. J Physiol. 2009;587(Pt 8):1779–94.
Carter J, Jeukendrup A, Mann C, Jones D. The effect of glucose infusion on glucose kinetics during a 1-h time trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36:1543–50.
Carter J, Jeukendrup A, Jones D. The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on 1-h cycle time trial performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36:2107–11.
Lane SC, Bird SR, Burke LM, Hawley JA. Effect of a carbohydrate mouth rinse on simulated cycling time-trial performance commenced in a fed or fasted state. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013;38(2):134–9.
Whitham M, McKinney J. Effect of a carbohydrate mouthwash on running time-trial performance. J Sports Sci. 2007;25:1385–92.
Below P, Mora-Rodriguez R, Gonzalez-Alonso J, Coyle E. Fluid and carbohydrate ingestion independently improve performance during 1 h of intense exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27(2):200–10.
Watson P, Shirreffs S, Maughan R. Effect of dilute CHO beverages on performance in cool and warm environments. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(2):336–43.
Burcelin R. The gut-brain axis: a major glucoregulatory player. Diabetes Metab. 2010;36(3):S54–8.
Mace O, Marshall F. Gut chemosensing and the regulation of nutrient absorption and energy supply. J Anim Sci. 2013;91:1932–45.
Hargreaves M. The metabolic systems: carbohydrate metabolism. In: Farrell P, editor. ACSM’s advanced exercise physiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lipponcott Williams & Wilkins; 2012. p. 379–91.
Loucks A. The endocrine system: integrated influences on metabolism, growth, and reproduction. In: Farrell P, editor. ACSM’s advanced exercise physiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lipponcott Williams & Wilkins; 2012. p. 466–506.
Jeukendrup A. Carbohydrate intake during exercise and performance. Nutrition. 2004;20:667–77.
Jentjens R, Achten J, Jeukendrup A. High oxidation rates from combined carbohydrates ingested during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(9):1551–8.
Currell K, Jeukendrup AE. Validity, reliability and sensitivity of measures of sporting performance. Sports Med. 2008;38(4):297–316.
Winnick JJ, Davis JM, Welsh RS, Carmichael MD, Murphy EA, Blackmon JA. Carbohydrate feedings during team sport exercise preserve physical and CNS function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(2):306–15.
Welsh RS, Davis JM, Burke JR, Williams HG. Carbohydrates and physical/mental performance during intermittent exercise to fatigue. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(4):723–31.
Keith RE, O’Keeffe KA, Blessing DL, Wilson GD. Alterations in dietary carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake and mood state in trained female cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23(2):212–6.
Kreider RB, Hill D, Horton G, Downes M, Smith S, Anders B. Effects of carbohydrate supplementation during intense training on dietary patterns, psychological status, and performance. Int J Sport Nutr. 1995;5(2):125–35.
Krogh A, Lindhard J. The relative value of fat and carbohydrate as sources of muscular energy: with appendices on the correlation between standard metabolism and the respiratory quotient during rest and work. Biochem J. 1920;14(3–4):290–363.
Levine S, Gordon B, Derick C. Some changes in the chemical constituents of the blood following a marathon: with especial reference to the development of hypoglycemia. JAMA. 1924;82(22):1778–9.
Gordon B, Kohn L, Levine S, Matton M, Scriver W, Whiting W. Sugar content of the blood in runners following a marathon race: with especial reference to the prevention of hypoglycemia. JAMA. 1925;83(7):508–9.
Christensen OH, Hansen O. Arbeitsfahigkeit und ehrnahrung. Scand Arch Physiol. 1939;81:160.
Brooke JD, Davies GJ, Green LF. The effects of normal and glucose syrup work diets on the performance of racing cyclists. J Sports Med. 1975;15:257–65.
Rodahl K, Miller HI, Issekutz B. Plasma free fatty acids in exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1964;19(3):489–92.
Coyle E. Fluid and fuel intake during exercise. J Sports Sci. 2004;22(1):39–55.
Bergstrom J, Hultman E. Synthesis of muscle glycogen in man after glucose and fructose infusion. Acta Med Scand. 1967;182(1):93–107.
Ahlborg B, Bergstrom J, Brohult J, Ekelund L, Hultman E, Maschio G. Muscle glycogen and muscle electrolytes during prolonged physical exercise. Acta Physiol Scand. 1967;71:140.
Foster C, Costill D, Fink W. Effects of preexercise feedings on endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1979;11(1):1–5.
Pirnay F, Lacroix M, Mosora F, Luyckx A, Lefebvre P. Effect of glucose ingestion on energy substrate utilization during prolonged muscular exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1977;36(4):247–54.
Hargreaves M. Carbohydrates and exercise performance. Nutr Rev. 1996;54(4):S136–9.
Burke LM, Hawley JA, Wong SH, Jeukendrup AE. Carbohydrates for training and competition. J Sports Sci. 2011;29 Suppl 1:S17–27.
Jeukendrup A, Brouns F, Wagenmakers AJ, Saris WH. Carbohydrate-electrolyte feedings improve 1 h time trial cycling performance. Int J Sports Med. 1997;18(2):125–9.
Millard-Stafford M, Rosskopf LB, Snow TK, Hinson BT. Water versus carbohydrate-electrolyte ingestion before and during a 15-km run in the heat. Int J Sport Nutr. 1997;7(1):26–38.
Kovacs E, Stegen J, Brouns F. Effect of caffeinated drinks on substrate metabolism, caffeine excretion, and performance. J Appl Physiol. 1998;85:709–15.
Davis JM, Burgess WA, Slentz CA, Bartoli WP, Pate RR. Effects of ingesting 6 and 12 % glucose/electrolyte beverages during prolong intermittent cycling in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1988;57:563–9.
Murray R, Eddy DE, Murray TW, Seifert JG, Paul GL, Halaby GA. The effect of fluid and carbohydrate feedings during intermittent cycling exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987;19(6):597–604.
Phillips SM, Turner AP, Sanderson MF, Sproule J. Beverage carbohydrate concentration influences the intermittent endurance capacity of adolescent team games players during prolonged intermittent running. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(3):1107–16.
Muckle D. Glucose syrup ingestion and team performance in soccer. Brit J Sports Med. 1973;7:340–3.
Burke LM. New guidelines for carbohydrate intakes in sport from the International Olympic Committee. SCAN’s Pulse. 2012;31(3):7–11.
Smith JW, Pascoe DD, Passe DH, et al. Curvilinear dose–response relationship of carbohydrate (0–120 g*h-1) and performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(2):336–41.
Rodriquez N, DiMarco N, Langley S. American college of sports medicine position stand: nutrition and athletic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;49(3):709–31.
Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM. Nutrition for sports performance: issues and opportunities. Proc Nutr Soc. 2012;71(1):112–9.
Murray B. The role of salt and glucose drinks in the marathon. Sports Med. 2007;37:4–6.
Maughan RJ. Fundamentals of sports nutrition: applications to sports drinks. In: Maughan RJ, Murray R, editors. Sports drinks: basic science and practical aspects. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001. p. 1–28.
Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, Stachenfeld NS. American college of sports medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(2):377–90.
Currell K, Jeukendrup AE. Superior endurance performance with ingestion of multiple transportable carbohydrates. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(2):275–81.
Nicholas CW, Williams C, Lakomy HKA, Phillips G, Nowitz A. Influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on endurance capacity during intermittent, high-intensity shuttle running. J Sports Sci. 1995;13:283–90.
Dougherty KA, Baker LB, Chow M, Kenney WL. Two percent dehydration impairs and six percent carbohydrate drink improves boys basketball skills. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(9):1650–8.
Ferrauti A, Weber K, Struder HK. Metabolic and ergogenic effects of carbohydrate and caffeine beverages in tennis. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1997;37:258–66.
Vergauwen L, Brouns F, Hespel P. Carbohydrate supplementation improves stroke performance in tennis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(8):1289–95.
Peltier SL, Lepretre PM, Metz L, et al. Effects of pre-exercise, endurance and recovery designer sports drinks on performance during tennis tournament simulation. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27:3076–83.
Ali A, Williams C. Carbohydrate ingestion and soccer skill performance during intermittent exercise. J Sports Sci. 2009;27(14):1499–508.
Russell M, Benton D, Kingsley M. Influence of carbohydrate supplementation on skill performance during a soccer match simulation. J Sci Med Sport. 2012;15(4):348–54.
Guerra I, Chaves R, Barros T, Tirapegui J. The influence of fluid ingestion on performance of soccer players during a match. J Sports Sci Med. 2004;3:198–202.
Currell K, Conway S, Jeukendrup AE. Carbohydrate ingestion improves performance of a new reliable test of soccer performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2009;19(1):34–46.
Morrison DJ, O’Hara JP, King RF, Preston T. Quantitation of plasma 13C-galactose and 13C-glucose during exercise by liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Comm Mass Spec. 2011;25(17):2484–8.
Leijssen DP, Saris WH, Jeukendrup AE, Wagenmakers AJ. Oxidation of exogenous [13C]galactose and [13C]glucose during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1995;79(3):720–5.
Burelle Y, Lamoureux MC, Peronnet F, Massicotte D, Lavoie C. Comparison of exogenous glucose, fructose and galactose oxidation during exercise using 13C-labelling. Brit J Nutr. 2006;96(1):56–61.
Stannard SR, Hawke EJ, Schnell N. The effect of galactose supplementation on endurance cycling performance. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63(2):209–14.
Macdermid PW, Stannard S, Rankin D, Shillington D. A comparative analysis between the effects of galactose and glucose supplementation on endurance performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2012;22(1):24–30.
Decombaz J, Jentjens R, Ith M, et al. Fructose and galactose enhance postexercise human liver glycogen synthesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(10):1964–71.
Shi X, Schedl HP, Summers RM, et al. Fructose transport mechanisms in humans. Gastroenterology. 1997;113(4):1171–9.
Schedl HP, Maughan RJ, Gisolfi CV. Intestinal absorption during rest and exercise: implications for formulating an oral rehydration solution (ORS). Proceedings of a roundtable discussion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1994;26(3):267–80.
Jeukendrup AE. Carbohydrate intake during exercise and performance. Nutrition. 2004;20(7–8):669–77.
Johnson RJ, Murray R. Fructose, exercise, and health. Curr Sports Med Reports. 2010;9(4):253–8.
Jentjens RL, Underwood K, Achten J, Currell K, Mann CH, Jeukendrup AE. Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates are elevated after combined ingestion of glucose and fructose during exercise in the heat. J Appl Physiol. 2006;100(3):807–16.
Lecoultre V, Benoit R, Carrel G, et al. Fructose and glucose co-ingestion during prolonged exercise increased lactate and glucose fluxes and oxidation compared with an equimolar intake of glucose. Amer J Clin Nutr. 2010;92:1071–9.
Achten J, Jentjens RL, Brouns F, Jeukendrup AE. Exogenous oxidation of isomaltulose is lower than that of sucrose during exercise in men. J Nutr. 2007;137:1143–8.
Anastasiou CA, Kavouras SA, Koutsari C, et al. Effect of maltose-containing sports drinks on exercise performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2004;14(6):609–25.
Hawley JA, Dennis SC, Nowitz A, Brouns F, Noakes TD. Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation from maltose and glucose ingested during prolonged exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992;64(6):523–7.
Jentjens RL, Venables MC, Jeukendrup AE. Oxidation of exogenous glucose, sucrose, and maltose during prolonged cycling exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2004;96(4):1285–91.
Venables MC, Brouns F, Jeukendrup AE. Oxidation of maltose and trehalose during prolonged moderate-intensity exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(9):1653–9.
Eijnde BO, Van Leemputte M, Brouns F, et al. No effects of oral ribose supplementation on repeated maximal exercise and de novo ATP resynthesis. J Appl Physiol. 2001;91(5):2275–81.
Dhanoa TS, Housner JA. Ribose: more than a simple sugar? Curr Sports Med Rep. 2007;6(4):254–7.
Nieman DC. Exercise immunology: nutritional countermeasures. Can J Appl Physiol. 2001;26(Suppl):S45–55.
Utter AC, Kang J, Nieman DC, Dumke CL, McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS. Carbohydrate attenuates perceived exertion during intermittent exercise and recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(5):880–5.
Nieman DC, Henson DA, Gojanovich G, et al. Influence of carbohydrate on immune function following 2 h cycling. Res Sports Med. 2006;14(3):225–37.
Nieman DC, Bishop NC. Nutritional strategies to counter stress to the immune system in athletes, with special reference to football. J Sports Sci. 2006;24(7):763–72.
Joesten MD, Castellion ME, Hogg JL. The world of chemistry: essentials. 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole; 2007. p. 359.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Murray, R. (2014). Sugar, Sports Drinks, and Performance. In: Rippe, J. (eds) Fructose, High Fructose Corn Syrup, Sucrose and Health. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8077-9_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8077-9_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-8076-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-8077-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)