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Multielectrode and Multitransistor Arrays for In Vivo Recording

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Nanotechnology and Neuroscience: Nano-electronic, Photonic and Mechanical Neuronal Interfacing

Abstract

In recent years the experimental toolkit at disposal of neuroscientists to investigate electrophysiologically the brain “in vivo” down to the level of neuronal microcircuits circuits and to elucidate their fundamental mechanisms for mapping and processing information has grown rapidly and even beyond expectations [1]. Driven by the compelling need of recording large numbers of neurons within the cortex and deeper structures, in a minimally invasive manner and over long time periods [2–4], the development of implantable brain probes based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) with arrays of microelectrodes has experienced a significant boost, leading to substantial optimization of pioneering approaches conceived in the 1970s [5] as well as to the development of novel technologies. Multielectrode arrays (MEAs) and multitransistor arrays (MTAs) integrated in silicon microchips constitute two major representatives from this class of brain implantable probes. Originally developed as “in vitro” prototypes for recording dissociated neurons or brain slices and other excitable cells [5–7], MEA and MTA reflect two different philosophies for transducing a neuronal electrical signal to a semiconductor chip, that is, either through a metal microelectrode or by means of an electrolyte–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (EOSFET), a modified version of the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) that is widely used in integrated circuits [8] (Fig. 8.1).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The open-circuit potential (or zero-current potential or rest potential) is the potential measured when a high impedance voltmeter is placed across the cell. This potential is established at equilibrium when a pair of redox forms linked by a given half-reaction (i.e., a redox couple) is present at each electrode [23].

  2. 2.

    The term MTA, literally meant to indicate transistor arrays, in this context is used in a more general sense to indicate arrays of EOSFET and EOSC elements.

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  1. University of Padova, padova, Italy

    Stefano Vassanelli

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  1. Dip. Ing. Innovazione - Università del Salento, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Arnesano, Lecce, Italy

    Massimo De Vittorio

  2. Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Arnesano, Lecce, Italy

    Luigi Martiradonna

  3. Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,Trento, Italy and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    John Assad

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Vassanelli, S. (2014). Multielectrode and Multitransistor Arrays for In Vivo Recording. In: De Vittorio, M., Martiradonna, L., Assad, J. (eds) Nanotechnology and Neuroscience: Nano-electronic, Photonic and Mechanical Neuronal Interfacing. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8038-0_8

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