Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health dilemma contributing to increasing global morbidity and mortality. In the USA, CKD has increased from 12.7 %, noted in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988–1994), to 15.1 % in 2009 as reported in the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) annual report based on NHANES (2003–2006) data. CKD has also been found to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The coexistence of risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia illustrates this relationship and is associated with a wide range of metabolic and nutritional deficiencies that directly, or indirectly, lead to CVD (Chmielewski et al., Curr Opin Lipidol 20:3–9, 2009). Our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of CKD has evolved in the past few decades and includes common pathways for CVD. Emerging evidence supports a complex interplay of traditional and nontraditional risk factors such as metabolic abnormalities and immune mechanisms in CKD that contribute to a higher incidence of CVD. This chapter will focus on the concepts of the pathophysiology of CVD in CKD and provide up-to-date recommendations of early identification of CKD and methods to decrease CVD mortality in high-risk subjects.
Keywords
- Chronic Kidney Disease
- Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Chronic Kidney Disease Patient
- ESRD Patient
- National Kidney Foundation
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Buddenini, J.P., Chaudhary, K., Sowers, J.R., Whaley-Connell, A. (2014). Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Risk. In: Obrosova, I., Stevens, M., Yorek, M. (eds) Studies in Diabetes. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8035-9_4
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