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Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia, and Driving Phobia: Lessons Learned From Efficacy Studies

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Advances in Virtual Reality and Anxiety Disorders

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Abstract

The main feature of panic disorder (PD) is recurrent panic attacks. This is closely followed by concern over having additional panic attacks, worry about adverse physical or psychological implications of panic attacks, or a significant change in behavior that could take the form of avoidance of situations or activities which may increase the likelihood of having a panic attack. The avoidance syndrome usually accompanying recurrent panic attacks is called agoraphobia (DSM-IV-TR), and its presence or absence distinguishes three psychopathological disorders marked in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR): panic disorder without agoraphobia (PD), panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA), and agoraphobia without history of panic disorder (AG).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Virtual Reality Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA

    Brenda K. Wiederhold

  2. Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada

    Stéphane Bouchard

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Correspondence to Brenda K. Wiederhold .

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Wiederhold, B., Bouchard, S. (2014). Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia, and Driving Phobia: Lessons Learned From Efficacy Studies. In: Advances in Virtual Reality and Anxiety Disorders. Series in Anxiety and Related Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8023-6_8

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