Abstract
Ring-diagram analysis is a helioseismic tool useful for studying the near-surface layers of the Sun. It has been employed to study near-surface shear, meridional circulation, flows around sunspots, and thermal structure beneath active regions. We review recent results obtained using ring-diagram analysis, state some of the more important outstanding difficulties in the technique, and point out several extensions to the technique that are just now beginning to bear fruit.
Invited review.
Solar Dynamics and Magnetism from the Interior to the Atmosphere
Guest Editors: R. Komm, A. Kosovichev, D. Longcope, and N. Mansour
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Antia, H.M., Basu, S.: 2007, Local helioseismology using ring diagram analysis. Astron. Nachr. 328, 257. doi:10.1002/asna.200610727. ADS:2007AN....328..257A.
Baldner, C.S., Bogart, R.S., Basu, S.: 2011, Evidence for solar frequency dependence on sunspot type. Astrophys. J. Lett. 733, L5. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/733/1/L5. ADS:2011ApJ...733L...5B.
Baldner, C.S., Bogart, R.S., Basu, S.: 2012, The sub-surface structure of a large sample of active regions. Solar Phys. doi:10.1007/s11207-012-0148-9.
Basu, S., Antia, H.M.: 2000, Possible solar cycle variations in the convection zone. Solar Phys. 192, 449 – 458. doi:10.1023/A:1005232901528. ADS:2000SoPh..192..449B.
Basu, S., Antia, H.M.: 2003, Changes in solar dynamics from 1995 to 2002. Astrophys. J. 585, 553 – 565. doi:10.1086/346020. ADS:2003ApJ...585..553B.
Basu, S., Antia, H.M.: 2010, Characteristics of solar meridional flows during solar cycle 23. Astrophys. J. 717, 488 – 495. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/717/1/488. ADS:2010ApJ...717..488B.
Basu, S., Antia, H.M., Bogart, R.S.: 2004, Ring-diagram analysis of the structure of solar active regions. Astrophys. J. 610, 1157 – 1168. doi:10.1086/421843. ADS:2004ApJ...610.1157B.
Basu, S., Antia, H.M., Bogart, R.S.: 2007, Structure of the near-surface layers of the Sun: asphericity and time variation. Astrophys. J. 654, 1146 – 1165. doi:10.1086/509251. ADS:2007ApJ...654.1146B.
Basu, S., Antia, H.M., Tripathy, S.C.: 1999, Ring diagram analysis of near-surface flows in the Sun. Astrophys. J. 512, 458 – 470. doi:10.1086/306765. ADS:1999ApJ...512..458B.
Bogart, R.S., Basu, S., Rabello-Soares, M.C., Antia, H.M.: 2008, Probing the subsurface structures of active regions with ring-diagram analysis. Solar Phys. 251, 439 – 451. doi:10.1007/s11207-008-9213-9. ADS:2008SoPh..251..439B.
Bogart, R.S., Baldner, C., Basu, S., Haber, D.A., Rabello-Soares, M.C.: 2011a, HMI ring diagram analysis I. The processing pipeline. J. Phys. CS-271(1), 012008. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/271/1/012008. ADS:2011JPhCS.271a2008B.
Bogart, R.S., Baldner, C., Basu, S., Haber, D.A., Rabello-Soares, M.C.: 2011b, HMI ring diagram analysis II. Data products. J. Phys. CS-271(1), 012009. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/271/1/012009. ADS:2011JPhCS.271a2009B.
Bogart, R.S., Baldner, C.S., Basu, S., Gonzalez-Hernandez, I., Haber, D.A., Hill, F., Howe, R., Jain, K., Komm, R.W., Rabello-Soares, M.C., Tripathy, S.: 2012, American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts #220, 220, 205.12.
Braun, D.C., Duvall, T.L. Jr., Labonte, B.J.: 1987, Acoustic absorption by sunspots. Astrophys. J. Lett. 319, L27 – L31. doi:10.1086/184949. ADS:1987ApJ...319L..27B.
Braun, D.C., Birch, A.C., Rempel, M., Duvall, T.L.: 2012, Helioseismology of a realistic magnetoconvective sunspot simulation. Astrophys. J. 744, 77. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/744/1/77. ADS:2012ApJ...744...77B.
Burtseva, O., Tripathy, S.C., Hill, F., Kholikov, S., Raouafi, N.-E., Lindsey, C.: 2009, Amplitudes of high-degree p modes in the quiet and active Sun. In: Dikpati, M., Arentoft, T., González Hernández, I., Lindsey, C., Hill, F. (eds.) Solar-Stellar Dynamos as Revealed by Helio- and Asteroseismology: GONG 2008/SOHO 21 CS-416, Astron. Soc. Pac., San Francisco, 293. ADS:2009ASPC..416..293B.
Burtseva, O., Tripathy, S., Howe, R., Jain, K., Hill, F., Bogart, R., Rabello-Soares, M.C.: 2011, Temporal variations of high-degree solar p-modes from GONG and MDI. J. Phys. CS-271(1), 012012. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/271/1/012012. ADS:2011JPhCS.271a2012B.
Charbonneau, P.: 2010, Dynamo models of the solar cycle. Living Rev. Solar Phys. 7, 3. http://solarphysics.livingreviews.org/Articles/lrsp-2010-3/ (cited on 2 October 2012). ADS:2010LRSP....7....3C.
Chou, D.-Y., Dai, D.-C.: 2001, Solar cycle variations of subsurface meridional flows in the Sun. Astrophys. J. Lett. 559, L175 – L178. doi:10.1086/323724. ADS:2001ApJ...559L.175C.
Duvall, T.L. Jr., Jefferies, S.M., Harvey, J.W., Pomerantz, M.A.: 1993, Time-distance helioseismology. Nature 362, 430 – 432. doi:10.1038/362430a0. ADS:1993Natur.362..430D.
Featherstone, N.A., Hindman, B.W., Thompson, M.J.: 2011, Ring-analysis flow measurements of sunspot outflows. J. Phys. CS-271(1), 012002. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/271/1/012002. ADS:2011JPhCS.271a2002F.
Ferguson, R., Komm, R., Hill, F., Barnes, G., Leka, K.D.: 2009, Subsurface flow properties of flaring versus flare-quiet active regions. In: Dikpati, M., Arentoft, T., González Hernández, I., Lindsey, C., Hill, F. (eds.) Solar-Stellar Dynamos as Revealed by Helio- and Asteroseismology: GONG 2008/SOHO 21 CS-416, Astron. Soc. Pac., San Francisco, 127. ADS:2009ASPC..416..127F.
Giles, P.M.: 2000, Time–distance measurements of large-scale flows in the solar convection zone. PhD thesis, Stanford University. ADS:2000PhDT.........9G.
Gizon, L.: 2003, Probing flows in the upper solar convection zone. PhD thesis, Stanford University. ADS:2003PhDT.........9G.
Gizon, L., Birch, A.C.: 2005, Local helioseismology. Living Rev. Solar Phys. 2, 6. http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2005-6 (cited on 2 October 2012). ADS:2005LRSP....2....6G.
Gizon, L., Schunker, H., Baldner, C.S., Basu, S., Birch, A.C., Bogart, R.S., Braun, D.C., Cameron, R., Duvall, T.L., Hanasoge, S.M., Jackiewicz, J., Roth, M., Stahn, T., Thompson, M.J., Zharkov, S.: 2009, Helioseismology of sunspots: a case study of NOAA region 9787. Space Sci. Rev. 144, 249 – 273. doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9466-5. ADS:2009SSRv..144..249G.
González Hernández, I.: 2008, Subsurface flows from ring diagram analysis. J. Phys. CS-118(1), 012034. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/118/1/012034. ADS:2008JPhCS.118a2034G.
González Hernández, I., Kholikov, S., Hill, F., Howe, R., Komm, R.: 2008, Subsurface meridional circulation in the active belts. Solar Phys. 252, 235 – 245. doi:10.1007/s11207-008-9264-y. ADS:2008SoPh..252..235G.
González Hernández, I., Howe, R., Komm, R., Hill, F.: 2010, Meridional circulation during the extended solar minimum: another component of the torsional oscillation? Astrophys. J. Lett. 713, L16 – L20. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/713/1/L16. ADS:2010ApJ...713L..16G.
Haber, D.A., Hindman, B.W., Toomre, J., Bogart, R.S., Thompson, M.J., Hill, F.: 2000a, Solar shear flows deduced from helioseismic dense-pack samplings of ring diagrams. Solar Phys. 192, 335 – 350. ADS:2000SoPh..192..335H.
Haber, D.A., Hindman, B.W., Toomre, J., Bogart, R.S., Thompson, M.J., Hill, F.: 2000b, Solar shear flows deduced from helioseismic dense-pack samplings of ring diagrams. Solar Phys. 192, 335 – 350. ADS:2000SoPh..192..335H.
Haber, D.A., Hindman, B.W., Toomre, J., Bogart, R.S., Larsen, R.M., Hill, F.: 2002, Evolving submerged meridional circulation cells within the upper convection zone revealed by ring-diagram analysis. Astrophys. J. 570, 855 – 864. doi:10.1086/339631. ADS:2002ApJ...570..855H.
Harvey, J.W., Hill, F., Hubbard, R.P., Kennedy, J.R., Leibacher, J.W., Pintar, J.A., Gilman, P.A., Noyes, R.W., Title, A.M., Toomre, J., Ulrich, R.K., Bhatnagar, A., Kennewell, J.A., Marquette, W., Patron, J., Saa, O., Yasukawa, E.: 1996, The Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) project. Science 272, 1284 – 1286. doi:10.1126/science.272.5266.1284. ADS:1996Sci...272.1284H.
Hathaway, D.H.: 1996, Doppler measurements of the Sun’s meridional flow. Astrophys. J. 460, 1027. doi:10.1086/177029. ADS:1996ApJ...460.1027H.
Hill, F.: 1988, Rings and trumpets – three-dimensional power spectra of solar oscillations. Astrophys. J. 333, 996 – 1013. doi:10.1086/166807. ADS:1988ApJ...333..996H.
Hill, F.: 1989, Solar oscillation ring diagrams and large-scale flows. Astrophys. J. Lett. 343, L69 – L71. doi:10.1086/185513. ADS:1989ApJ...343L..69H.
Hindman, B.W., Haber, D.A., Toomre, J.: 2009, Subsurface circulations within active regions. Astrophys. J. 698, 1749 – 1760. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1749. ADS:2009ApJ...698.1749H.
Howe, R., Komm, R.W., Hill, F., Haber, D.A., Hindman, B.W.: 2004, Activity-related changes in local solar acoustic mode parameters from Michelson Doppler Imager and Global Oscillations Network Group. Astrophys. J. 608, 562 – 579. doi:10.1086/392525. ADS:2004ApJ...608..562H.
Howe, R., Jain, K., Bogart, R.S., Haber, D.A., Baldner, C.S.: 2012, Two-dimensional power, phase, and coherence spectra of solar dynamics observatory helioseismic observables. Solar Phys. doi:10.1007/s11207-012-0097-3. ADS:2012SoPh..tmp..200H.
Komm, R.W., Howard, R.F., Harvey, J.W.: 1993, Meridional flow of small photospheric magnetic features. Solar Phys. 147, 207 – 223. doi:10.1007/BF00690713. ADS:1993SoPh..147..207K.
Komm, R., Howe, R., Hill, F.: 2009, Emerging and decaying magnetic flux and subsurface flows. Solar Phys. 258, 13 – 30. doi:10.1007/s11207-009-9398-6. ADS:2009SoPh..258...13K.
Komm, R., Howe, R., Hill, F.: 2011, Subsurface velocity of emerging and decaying active regions. Solar Phys. 268, 407 – 428. doi:10.1007/s11207-010-9692-3. ADS:2011SoPh..268..407K.
Komm, R., Howe, R., Hill, F.: 2012, Vorticity of subsurface flows of emerging and decaying active regions. Solar Phys. 277, 205–226. doi:10.1007/s11207-011-9920-5. ADS:2011SoPh..tmp..426K.
Komm, R., Corbard, T., Durney, B.R., González Hernández, I., Hill, F., Howe, R., Toner, C.: 2004, Solar subsurface fluid dynamics descriptors derived from Global Oscillation Network Group and Michelson Doppler Imager data. Astrophys. J. 605, 554 – 567. doi:10.1086/382187. ADS:2004ApJ...605..554K.
Komm, R., Morita, S., Howe, R., Hill, F.: 2008, Emerging active regions studied with ring-diagram analysis. Astrophys. J. 672, 1254 – 1265. doi:10.1086/523998. ADS:2008ApJ...672.1254K.
Komm, R., Ferguson, R., Hill, F., Barnes, G., Leka, K.D.: 2011, Subsurface vorticity of flaring versus flare-quiet active regions. Solar Phys. 268, 389 – 406. doi:10.1007/s11207-010-9552-1. ADS:2011SoPh..268..389K.
Kosovichev, A.G., Basu, S., Bogart, R., Duvall, T.L. Jr., Gonzalez-Hernandez, I., Haber, D., Hartlep, T., Howe, R., Komm, R., Kholikov, S., Parchevsky, K.V., Tripathy, S., Zhao, J.: 2011, Local helioseismology of sunspot regions: comparison of ring-diagram and time–distance results. J. Phys. CS-271(1), 012005. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/271/1/012005. ADS:2011JPhCS.271a2005K.
Lemen, J.R., Title, A.M., Akin, D.J., Boerner, P.F., Chou, C., Drake, J.F., Duncan, D.W., Edwards, C.G., Friedlaender, F.M., Heyman, G.F., Hurlburt, N.E., Katz, N.L., Kushner, G.D., Levay, M., Lindgren, R.W., Mathur, D.P., McFeaters, E.L., Mitchell, S., Rehse, R.A., Schrijver, C.J., Springer, L.A., Stern, R.A., Tarbell, T.D., Wuelser, J.-P., Wolfson, C.J., Yanari, C., Bookbinder, J.A., Cheimets, P.N., Caldwell, D., Deluca, E.E., Gates, R., Golub, L., Park, S., Podgorski, W.A., Bush, R.I., Scherrer, P.H., Gummin, M.A., Smith, P., Auker, G., Jerram, P., Pool, P., Soufli, R., Windt, D.L., Beardsley, S., Clapp, M., Lang, J., Waltham, N.: 2012, The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Solar Phys. 275, 17 – 40. doi:10.1007/s11207-011-9776-8. ADS:2012SoPh..275...17L.
Lin, C.-H., Basu, S., Li, L.: 2009, Interpreting helioseismic structure inversion results of solar active regions. Solar Phys. 257, 37 – 60. doi:10.1007/s11207-009-9332-y. ADS:2009SoPh..257...37L.
Lindsey, C., Braun, D.C.: 1990, Helioseismic imaging of sunspots at their antipodes. Solar Phys. 126, 101 – 115. doi:10.1007/BF00158301. ADS:1990SoPh..126..101L.
Mason, D., Komm, R., Hill, F., Howe, R., Haber, D., Hindman, B.W.: 2006, Flares, magnetic fields, and subsurface vorticity: a survey of GONG and MDI data. Astrophys. J. 645, 1543 – 1553. doi:10.1086/503761. ADS:2006ApJ...645.1543M.
Maurya, R.A., Ambastha, A., Tripathy, S.C.: 2009, Variations in p-mode parameters with changing onset time of a large flare. Astrophys. J. Lett. 706, L235 – L239. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/706/2/L235. ADS:2009ApJ...706L.235M.
Miesch, M.S.: 2005, Large-scale dynamics of the convection zone and tachocline. Living Rev. Solar Phys. 2, 1. http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2005-1 (cited on 2 October 2012). ADS:2005LRSP....2....1M.
Moradi, H., Baldner, C., Birch, A.C., Braun, D.C., Cameron, R.H., Duvall, T.L., Gizon, L., Haber, D., Hanasoge, S.M., Hindman, B.W., Jackiewicz, J., Khomenko, E., Komm, R., Rajaguru, P., Rempel, M., Roth, M., Schlichenmaier, R., Schunker, H., Spruit, H.C., Strassmeier, K.G., Thompson, M.J., Zharkov, S.: 2010, Modeling the subsurface structure of sunspots. Solar Phys. 267, 1 – 62. doi:10.1007/s11207-010-9630-4. ADS:2010SoPh..267....1M.
Nigam, R., Kosovichev, A.G.: 1998, Measuring the Sun’s eigenfrequencies from velocity and intensity helioseismic spectra: asymmetrical line profile-fitting formula. Astrophys. J. Lett. 505, L51. doi:10.1086/311594. ADS:1998ApJ...505L..51N.
Nordlund, Å., Stein, R.F., Asplund, M.: 2009, Solar surface convection. Living Rev. Solar Phys. 6, 2. http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2009-2 (cited on 2 October 2012). ADS:2009LRSP....6....2N.
Rabello-Soares, M.C.: 2012, Solar-cycle variation of sound speed near the solar surface. Astrophys. J. 745, 184. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/745/2/184. ADS:2012ApJ...745..184R.
Rabello-Soares, M.C., Bogart, R.S., Basu, S.: 2008, Analysis of the characteristics of solar oscillation modes in active regions. J. Phys. CS-118(1), 012084. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/118/1/012084. ADS:2008JPhCS.118a2084R.
Rajaguru, S.P., Basu, S., Antia, H.M.: 2001, Ring diagram analysis of the characteristics of solar oscillation modes in active regions. Astrophys. J. 563, 410 – 418. doi:10.1086/323780. ADS:2001ApJ...563..410R.
Reinard, A.A., Henthorn, J., Komm, R., Hill, F.: 2010, Evidence that temporal changes in solar subsurface helicity precede active region flaring. Astrophys. J. Lett. 710, L121 – L125. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/710/2/L121. ADS:2010ApJ...710L.121R.
Rempel, M., Schlichenmaier, R.: 2011, Sunspot modeling: from simplified models to radiative MHD simulations. Living Rev. Solar Phys. 8, 4. http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2011-3 (cited on 2 October 2012). ADS:2011LRSP....8....3R.
Scherrer, P.H., Bogart, R.S., Bush, R.I., Hoeksema, J.T., Kosovichev, A.G., Schou, J., Rosenberg, W., Springer, L., Tarbell, T.D., Title, A., Wolfson, C.J., Zayer, I., MDI Engineering Team: 1995, The solar oscillations investigation – Michelson Doppler Imager. Solar Phys. 162, 129 – 188. doi:10.1007/BF00733429. ADS:1995SoPh..162..129S.
Scherrer, P.H., Schou, J., Bush, R.I., Kosovichev, A.G., Bogart, R.S., Hoeksema, J.T., Liu, Y., Duvall, T.L., Zhao, J., Title, A.M., Schrijver, C.J., Tarbell, T.D., Tomczyk, S.: 2012, The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) investigation for the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Solar Phys. 275, 207 – 227. doi:10.1007/s11207-011-9834-2. ADS:2012SoPh..275..207S.
Snodgrass, H.B., Dailey, S.B.: 1996, Meridional motions of magnetic features in the solar photosphere. Solar Phys. 163, 21 – 42. doi:10.1007/BF00165454. ADS:1996SoPh..163...21S.
Tripathy, S.C., Jain, K., Hill, F.: 2011, Variation of high-degree mode frequencies during the declining phase of solar cycle 23. J. Phys. CS-271(1), 012024. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/271/1/012024. ADS:2011JPhCS.271a2024T.
Ulrich, R.K., Boyden, J.E.: 2005, The solar surface toroidal magnetic field. Astrophys. J. Lett. 620, L123 – L127. doi:10.1086/428724. ADS:2005ApJ...620L.123U.
Zaatri, A., Komm, R., González Hernández, I., Howe, R., Corbard, T.: 2006, North south asymmetry of zonal and meridional flows determined from ring diagram analysis of Gong++ data. Solar Phys. 236, 227 – 244. doi:10.1007/s11207-006-0106-5. ADS:2006SoPh..236..227Z.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Baldner, C.S. et al. (2012). Latest Results Found with Ring-Diagram Analysis. In: Mansour, N.N., Kosovichev, A.G., Komm, R., Longcope, D. (eds) Solar Dynamics and Magnetism from the Interior to the Atmosphere. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8005-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8005-2_4
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-8004-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-8005-2
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)